斜拉索风雨激振三维模型试验研究

为研究风雨共同作用下拉索的气动力特性,以之江大桥为背景,通过对斜拉索的三维刚性节段模型做测力、测压风洞试验,得到4种表面形态下的拉索在不同风向角时的平均和脉动风压系数,结果表明:水线位置强烈影响拉索表面的风压系数分布,靠近水线附近气流的分离点会产生明显的改变,仅当上水线处于某些特定位置时,气动力系数变化明显,拉索才可能发生振动;用测压试验的风压系数积分得到的阻力系数要比测力试验的小10%左右,这是测压试验无法获得气动力中的摩擦分量所导致的。     

产业结构视角下的新疆区域经济差异分解研究

区域经济差异与产业结构有着密切的联系.从三次产业结构的视角,运用加权变异系数对1995年以来新疆区域经济差异进行产业分解.研究发现,1995-2009年新疆第二、第三产业的加权变异系数明显高于人均GDP加权变异系数,对总体经济差异起着明显的"上拉"作用.通过三次产业对总体差异的贡献分析发现,第二产业差异对新疆总体经济差异的年均贡献率达73.5%,表明第二产业差异是造成新疆总体差异的关键因素,提出了缩小新疆区域经济差异的对策建议.     

武汉城市圈产业结构动态分析

武汉市作为国家“两型社会”改革试点城市圈之一,又是武汉城市圈的龙头城市,在面临东部产业转移和国家积极调整产业结构的背景下,一方面必须积极承接东部转移产业,另一方面又必须调整产业结构,以保证经济的可持续发展.基于前人的研究,对武汉城市圈9个城市的三次产业发展情况进行区位熵分析,并结合武汉城市圈整体产业结构的洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数分析得出武汉城市圈9个城市的产业结构现状,以及在各个产业上的比较优势和产业结构相似性的情况,在武汉城市圈面临迎接产业转移和自身产业结构调整双重任务的前提下,结合可持续发展模式对武汉城市圈产业布局优化和产业结构调整提出政策建议.     

洪水径流系数的尺度效应研究

洪水径流系数是表征降雨径流过程的一个重要参数,以往对径流系数的尺度效应基本上是在坡面或者小流域上进行观测或试验。通过统计滦河流域6个中大尺度子流域汛期的暴雨洪水过程,计算了各场暴雨洪水的径流系数,发现径流系数随着流域面积的增大而减小,并分析了产生这种趋势的原因。结果表明,降雨空间分布不均匀性、单位面积地下径流出流能力及下渗都能引起径流系数的尺度效应。认识径流系数的尺度效应,对于研制开发不同尺度的、具有物理机制的流域水文模型,防洪减灾具有一定的指导意义。     

Kappa系数在干旱预测模型精度评价中的应用——以关中平原的干旱预测为例

Kappa系数较多地用在评价遥感影像分类精度中。通过对分类影像和参考影像逐个像元统计,并建立误差矩阵,可以较准确地验证遥感影像分类的精度。将Kappa系数引入到关中平原地区加权马尔可夫和自回归移动平均两种干旱预测模型的精度评价中,基于标准降水化指数和条件温度植被指数两种干旱指标,对干旱监测数据和模型预测数据建立误差矩阵,得到了错估误差、漏估误差、总体精度和Kappa系数。综合应用4种评价指标分析模型的预测结果表明,错估误差和漏估误差能够验证预测模型的局部适用性,总体精度在一定范围内不能够直接反映模型的预测精度,Kappa系数可以较精确地评价不同时空间尺度的干旱预测模型精度。当参与预测的样本数目增加到一定程度时,Kappa系数和总体精度基本相等,可以更准确地评价模型预测精度。     

温度对硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter)活性动力学影响

为探究温度对亚硝酸盐氧化细菌中硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)活性动力学影响,本试验采用序批式活性污泥(SBR)反应器,在通过改变系统进水亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)浓度达到富集Nitrobacter基础上,以富含Nitrobacter污泥为对象(宏基因组物种注释和丰度分析显示Nitrobacter占细菌总数40. 3%),考察不同NO_2~--N浓度梯度下亚硝酸盐氧化过程比亚硝态氮氧化速率(SNi OR)变化规律,基于Monod模型考察系统温度对Nitrobacter活性动力学影响,并进行统计学分析.结果表明,30℃条件下SNi OR达到最大(以N/VSS计),为1. 31 g·(g·d)~(-1).统计学分析结果显示,Monod方程可较好地反映不同温度条件下基质底物浓度对Nitrobacter活性影响.基于菲尔普斯方程计算不同温度区间内温度系数(θ)可知,当系统温度低于25℃或高于30℃时,反应速率随温度变化越敏感.     

浙江省合成革行业挥发性有机物污染特征及排放系数

以2015年浙江省175家合成革企业调研数据为基础,分析当前浙江省合成革行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染治理情况,通过研究筛选出161家重点企业,分析合成革行业污染基本排放特征并计算其VOCs排放系数.结果表明,绝大部分企业对废气采取治理措施,但聚氨酯(PU)后处理工艺没有废气收集和处理设施;绝大部分企业使用的是溶剂型原辅材料,废气中VOCs的主要污染因子为二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、甲苯、乙酸甲酯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和丁酮等物质;全省合成革行业的VOCs排放系数均值为0. 168 kg·m~(-2).其中聚氨酯平均排放系数0. 170 kg·m~(-2),聚氯乙烯(PVC)排放系数为0. 142 kg·m~(-2);聚氨酯湿法工艺排放系数均值为0. 191 kg·m~(-2),聚氨酯干法工艺VOCs排放系数均值为0. 179 kg·m~(-2),聚氨酯后处理工艺VOCs排放系数均值为0. 120 kg·m~(-2).     

湔江冲洪积扇地下水化学特征及控制因素分析

湔江冲洪积扇是成都平原龙门山前冲洪积扇群之一,为研究其地下水化学特征及控制因素,2018年5月现场采集30组地下水水样.利用描述性统计分析、Piper图解、Arc GIS空间分析和离子比例系数等方法,分析研究区地下水化学类型与离子空间分布特征,讨论控制地下水化学演化过程的主要因素与离子的主要来源.冲洪积扇东北部区域多为弱酸性水,占13. 33%,其余呈弱碱性;地下水化学类型有HCO_3·SO_4-Ca、HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg与HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na,均为淡水;主要离子空间变异系数介于0. 22～0. 91,变异性均为中等变异;地下水化学演化过程主要受溶滤作用的控制,人类活动亦有一定的影响,蒸发浓缩、大气降雨以及阳离子交替吸附作用影响效果不甚明显.     

Study of high-tech process furnace using inherently safer design strategies (I) temperature distribution model and process effect

High-tech industries, such as those producing semiconductor and TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display), have recently become the most important economic activities in Taiwan. Each of these industries has a complete chain of supply from raw material production, production pre-processing, product manufacturing, to waste handling. Any company in the chain is a critical component, since any accidents of fire, explosion, gas leakage, or power outage would cut off the supply chain, causing inability of continuous operation. In industries of semiconductor and TFT-LCD, great amounts of special gases and chemicals with many machinery equipments are used in the production processes. In cases of accidents or improper installation, this chain of supply, from raw material production, preproduction, product manufacturing, to waste handling materials and equipments may cause severe damages or incidents.This study used the existing model of the horizontal furnace to develop a simulation program. The simulation results were consistent with the existing model, and produced even slightly better results on temperature distribution and temperature sensitivity. The simulation model applied on a vertical furnace could provide data on furnace temperature control for industrial use. Meanwhile, this study also deduced actual temperature control and an ISD strategy, which are consistent with design strategy principles.The validation results on the proposed temperature distribution model suggested that the model can be applied in temperature distribution and sensitivity analysis to obtain adjustment and control models for various heating zones. In the case of a single tool, when processing reduction is 60 pieces, switching off the two heating zones can reduce 44% of power output, for a capacity utilization rate of 93.7% for the entire plant. The application of the proposed temperature control model can reduce power consumption by 121.4 kWh. In addition, with the same number of tools, facilities layouts in two cases have an area difference of 41.4775 m², thus shortening the evacuation time for operators. The experimental results proved that the proposed model has realized the ISD principles of intensification, attenuation, and limitation of effects.     

Modeling Nutrient Export From Coastal California Watersheds

Nitrate and phosphate export coefficient models were developed for coastal watersheds along the Santa Barbara Channel in central California. One approach was based on measurements of nutrient fluxes in streams from specific land use classes and included a watershed response function that scaled export up or down depending on antecedent moisture conditions. The second approach for nutrient export coefficient modeling used anthropogenic nutrient loading for land use classes and atmospheric nutrient deposition to model export. In an application of the first approach to one watershed, the nitrate and phosphate models were within 20% of measured values for most storms. When applied to another year, both nitrate and phosphate models generally performed adequately with annual, storm‐flow, and base‐flow values within 20% of measured nutrient loadings. Less satisfactory results were found when applied to neighboring watersheds with difference percentages of land use and hydrologic conditions. Application of the second approach was less successful than the first approach.