列车运行安全性、平稳性的控制因素及评估准则

既有线的提速及高速铁路的修建 ,标志着我国铁路迈上了一个新的台阶 ,同时 ,列车运行的安全性和稳定性问题也愈显突出。高速、安全和舒适是高速铁路运输得以实现的三大要素 ,本文从动力学角度 ,通过不同的参数 ,分析了目前国内外列车运行安全性和平稳性的标准 ,探讨了列车脱轨、倾覆的不安全因素和旅客乘坐舒适性的各项指标 ,并提出了评估准则     

低污染的危险废物焚烧技术研究

目前危险废物焚烧中产生的污染物主要通过尾气处理去除 ,本文认为尾气处理应与通过控制焚烧条件减少尾气中污染物的原始浓度相结合 ,以减少后续处理设备的投资。本文主要讨论了控制危险废物焚烧中主要污染物颗粒物、氯化氢、SOx、NOx、二的焚烧技术     

Assessing the Eutrophication of Shengzhong Reservoir Based on Grey Clustering Method

Abstract

Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water environment to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China’s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China’s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typical monitoring points there in 2006. It is found that eutrophication of Tiebian Power Generation Station, Guoyuanchang and Dashiqiao Bridge is the heaviest, Tielusi and Qinggangya the second, and Lijiaba the least. The eutrophication of this reservoir is closely relevant to the irrational exploitation in its surrounding areas, especially to the aggravation of the non-point source pollution and the increase of net-culture fishing. Therefore, it is feasible to use grey clustering in environment quality evaluation, and the point lies in the correct division of grey whitening function     

我国事故指标与经济社会发展指标多元回归分析

以安全生产相对指标工矿商贸十万就业人员生产安全事故死亡率为研究对象,通过文献调研分析,最终从经济发展、经济发展结构、经济活动水平和社会活动水平角度筛选出14个指标为观察对象,采用逐步多元回归分析法筛选出影响我国安全生产的主要经济社会发展指标为：第三产业增加值产值占GDP比重、第三产业就业人数占总就业人数的比重和固定资产投资增长速度,并建立了回归模型。应用弹性系数法对主要影响因素进行重要性排序,并推测工矿商贸就业人员十万人事故死亡率将保持持续下降的趋势。     

Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River1

Xia, Junqiang, Zhengbing Wang, Yanping Wang, and Xin Yu, 2012. Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐18. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12002 Abstract: Significant channel adjustments often occur during flood seasons in the Lower Yellow River (LYR), and it is a challenging work to accurately simulate the morphodynamic processes in the LYR using numerical models. A comparison of two morphodynamic models (Delft3D and 2DLLCDM) for the LYR is presented herein to identify critical improvements for these models. The concepts of these models are first compared with each other. The models were then used to simulate the processes of flood routing, sediment transport, and morphological changes occurring in a braided reach of the LYR. The differences were investigated between the simulated results from these models and corresponding field measurements, and the results indicate that: (1) the hydrodynamic processes calculated by both models agree closely with the measurements if an appropriate Manning’s roughness coefficient is used; (2) the concentrations of suspended load at the downstream boundary calculated by the models agree reasonably with the observed data; and (3) the predicted cross‐sectional profiles obtained from these models do not correspond well with the measurements. Based on these findings, the weak aspects of the models are clarified, and three critical improvements are recommended, including: (1) the development of roughness predictor; (2) the refinement of graded sediment transport capacity formulation; and (3) the consideration of bank erosion module. These improvements need to be implemented in the future.     

近年全国地表水水质变化特征

采用2012~2020年国家地表水环境质量监测网839个可比断面（点位）数据分析了9年间地表水环境质量变化特征.结果表明,全国地表水环境质量持续改善,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例稳步上升,劣Ⅴ类比例持续下降;主要污染指标氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数的年均值均呈逐年下降趋势,2020年比2012年分别下降75.9%、48.2%和17.5%.广西、海南和宁夏Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例保持100%,湖北和江西呈逐年下降趋势,其余省份均呈逐年上升趋势;广西、海南、宁夏、湖南和福建劣Ⅴ类水质断面比例保持为0,其余省份均呈逐年下降趋势;广西、江西的总磷和湖北、海南、辽宁的高锰酸盐指数呈逐年上升趋势,其余省份主要污染指标年均值均呈不同程度下降.十大流域主要江河Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例均呈波动上升趋势;劣Ⅴ类比例除浙闽片河流一直为0以外,其余流域均呈波动下降趋势;主要污染指标年均值均呈不同程度下降.2020年,32个重要湖泊中53%处于富营养状态,与2012年相比增加了12个百分点.总体来看,9年间全国地表水水质普遍好转,尤其是"十三五"以来,水污染防治工作取得显著成效,但各省、各流域之间具有差异性,水资源分布不均,水质改善存在不平衡性和不协调性,湖库富营养化趋势不容乐观.未来应统筹水资源、水环境和水生态,在地表水的精准治污和生态修复上着重发力.     

基于灰色聚类法的成都市大气污染评价

大气环境质量问题一直是关注的环境问题之一,而灰色聚类分析方法在很多领域已有应用。本文对成都市大气环境监测数据进行评价：采用灰色聚类分析方法,将污染因子（SO2、NO2、PM10）进行综合评价,标准化污染因子及评价指标。白化函数得到各个污染因子每年的5×4矩阵,按照聚类系数来判定综合指标类型,并进行评价。为成都市综合大气...     

Apparent diffusion coefficients and chemical species of neptunium (V) in compacted Na-montmorillonite

Diffusion of neptunium (V) in compacted Na-montmorillonite was studied through the non-steady state diffusion method. In this study, two experimental attempts were carried out to understand the diffusion mechanism of neptunium. One was to establish the diffusion activation energy, which was then used to determine the diffusion process in the montmorillonite. The other was the measurement of the distribution of neptunium in the montmorillonite by a sequential batch extraction. The apparent diffusion coefficients of neptunium in the montmorillonite at a dry density of 1.0 Mg m-3 were from 3.7 x 10(-12) m2 s-1 at 288 K to 9.2 x 10(-12) m2 s-1 at 323 K. At a dry density of 1.6 Mg m-3, the apparent diffusion coefficients ranged between 1.5 x 10(-13) m2 s-1 at 288 K and 8.7 x 10(-13) m2 s-1 at 323 K. The activation energy for the diffusion of neptunium at a dry density of 1.0 Mg m-3 was 17.5 +/- 1.9 kJ mol-1. This value is similar to those reported for diffusion of other ions in free water, e.g., 18.4 and 17.4 kJ mol-1 for Na+ and Cl-, respectively. At a dry density of 1.6 Mg.m-3, the activation energy was 39.8 +/- 1.9 kJ mol-1. The change in the activation energy suggests that the diffusion process changes depending on the dry density of the compacted montmorillonite. A characteristic distribution profile was obtained by the sequential extraction procedure for neptunium diffused in compacted montmorillonite. The estimated fraction of neptunium in the pore water was between 3% and 11% at a dry density of 1.6 Mg m-3 and at a temperature of 313 K. The major fraction of the neptunium in the montmorillonite was identified as neptunyl ions sorbed on the outer surface of the montmorillonite. These findings suggested that the activation energy for diffusion and the distribution profile of the involved nuclides could become powerful parameters in understanding the diffusion mechanism.     

基于EOF和BP网络的库群径流预测

在考虑多个水库径流相关性的基础上，基于自然正交函数，将多维径流序列分解成时不变的空间特征和随时间变化的权重系数矩阵，并运用网络对时间权重系数变化规律进行分析，从而对库群径流做出预测，以某区域中的三座中型水库为例，选用灰关联模型进行比较预测，取得了较好的结果。     

原油稳定装置的风险评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价方法,对大庆油田天然气分公司正压原油稳定装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价,介绍了火灾爆炸指数评价法的评价程序和计算步骤,定量计算火灾爆炸可能导致的危害程度和最大可能财产损失,根据实际情况确定了单元的危险系数和安全措施补偿系数,最后得出单元危险分析的安全评价结果.