射流曝气SBR技术在屠宰废水治理中的应用

介绍了应用射流曝气和序列间歇式活性污泥（ＳＢＲ）治理屠宰废水的工程实例。半年多的运行情况表明，该系统具有很好操作性和稳定性，当系统污水排放量或有机负荷发生较大波动时，有较好的缓冲适应能力，并能保证整个系统稳定达标。     

Fisheries management: integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment

Fisheries management is the practice of analyzing and selecting options to maintain or alter the structure, dynamics, and interaction of habitat, aquatic biota, and man to achieve human goals and objectives. The theory of fisheries management is: managers or decision makers attempt to maximize renewable `output' from an aquatic resource by choosing from among a set of decision options and applying a set of actions that generate an array of outputs. Outputs may be defined as a tangible catch, a fishing experience, an existence value, or anything else produced or supported by renewable aquatic resources. Overall output is always a mix of tangible and intangible elements. However defined, management goals and objectives are essential components of fisheries management or any other field of renewable natural resource management. Reaching consensus on management goals and objectives has never been a simple task. Beyond the broad and often conflicting goals of an agency, managers must decide who should set specific management objectives — agency personnel, the public, or a combination of the two. Historically, rhetoric aside, fisheries managers in North America nearly always have consulted with professionals in governmental roles to set management objectives. In a strongly pluralistic society, this often resulted in protracted political and legal conflict. Increasingly, there are calls for use of risk assessment to help solve such ecological policy and management problems commonly encountered in fisheries management. The basic concepts of ecological risk assessment may be simple, but the jargon and details are not. Risk assessment (and similar analytical tools) is a concept that has evoked strong reactions whenever it has been used. In spite of the difficulties of defining problems and setting management objectives for complex ecological policy questions, use of risk assessment to help solve ecological problems is widely supported. Ecological risk assessment will be most useful (and objective) in political deliberations when the policy debate revolves around largely technical concerns. To the extent that risk assessment forces policy debate and disagreement toward fundamental differences rather than superficial ones, it will be useful in decision making.     

环境审计方法与实践

环境审计是深化环境管理的一项重要手段，受到很多国家环境保护部门的重视并积极推广，文章详细阐述了环境审计的定义，范围，目的和具体工作步骤，并根据实际调查，对一家造纸厂进行了环境审计，取得了显著的效果，证明环境审计对开展废物减量和清洁生产有重要作用。     

物理化学预处理与膜分离技术的应用

将物理化学预处理与膜分离技术深度处理结合应用于工业废水处理，可使其中的Ｃｒ６＋＜０．５ｍｇ／ｌ，Ｚｎ２＋＜２０ｍｇ／ｌ，ｐＨ６～９。用膜分离技术处理造纸废水可回收其中的木质素和糖份，回收率均为６０％左右。     

中美固体废物污染防治法律制度的比较

对中美两国的固体废物污染制度进行了全面系统地比较，分析了在固体废物污染防治中的管理制度、环境立法的完善程度和法律现任的同异性，提出在执行固体废物污染环境防治法中需要借鉴美国等固体废物立法比较早的国家在固体废物污染防治方面的立法经验，不断完善我国固体废物污染防治的法规体系。     

Opportunities and constraints for Product-oriented Environmental Management Systems (P-EMS)

Product-oriented Environmental Management Systems (P-EMS) are a logical extension of current, often primarily process- of facility-oriented Environmental Management Systems. The Dutch government promotes P-EMS as part of its product-oriented environmental policies. The idea of P-EMS is to enable producers to make environmentally responsible decisions on product development and product strategies, in collaboration with suppliers and customers. This paper summarises example P-EMS projects in The Netherlands for two segments of industry, namely retail and manufacturing industry. Moreover two other initiatives will be covered that deal with the development of tools to facilitate P-EMS in two other industry sectors (food processing and building). Success factors that emerge from these initial experiences are: focus on partners that have a strong incentive to act, application of screening Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) or user-shells for LCA, and focus on improvements that can be implemented on the short term.     

模拟医疗废物在管式电阻炉上的热解特性研究

在管式电阻炉上对由聚丙烯、面巾纸、纱布、医用脱脂棉、一次性口罩、医用乳胶手套等按一定比例组成的模拟医疗废物在氮气气氛进行了热解研究。重点探讨了10K／min，20K／min，30K／min和40K／min等不同升温速率对热解产物分布、产气特性和热解过程的影响。结果表明，随着温度升高，模拟废物的热解产生气体的主要成分逐渐由CO2和CO转变为C3H6、CH4、C2H6、C2H4和C3H8。同时，热解处理对模拟废物的减量化效果比较明显，固体残留率仅为5．61％～7．02％。而且，加热速率对模拟医疗废物热解过程的影响较大。     

建立上海市突发环境事件应急防范和处置体系的研究

随着人类活动的加剧和工业的不断发展，全球突发环境事件日渐频繁。因此，在日常工作中应加强突发环境事件的应急防范和反应体系建设。防患于未然。文章概述了国内外对突发环境事件的防范及应急处置现状，分析了突发环境事件的特点和危害，简要阐述了建立上海市突发环境事件应急处置指挥系统的重要性及必要性，重点介绍了上海市突发环境事件的应急指挥、应急响应及灾害评估体系，并介绍了与突发环境事件应急处置有关的几个问题。以增加系统的可操作性。同时。提出了加强上海市应急防范和处置系统建设的对策及建议。     

城市供水管网漏损控制潜力研究

在我国各城市普遍缺水的同时，城市供水管网的漏损状况却相当的严重，科学衡量漏损控制的潜力，对于控制漏损和科学地进行城市水资源规划和需求管理非常重要。从技术潜力、经济潜力、社会潜力三方面将城市供水管网漏损控制的潜力进行了分析。提出了以社会最优值作为漏损控制的目标，以社会潜力作为需求管理的依据，同时综合考虑技术潜力和经济潜力。社会最优控制水平和企业的经济漏损控制水平之间有时会存在很大差异。科学的划分政府和企业在控制漏损的义务是非常必要的，如果需要企业的漏损控制水平小于经济漏损水平时政府应该给予一定的补偿，这样才能增加企业控制管网漏损的积极性。     

A review of EMAS in Greece: is it effective?

EMAS certification is a common practice among the European companies. However, based on the data from the Greek Ministry of Environment, only 10 companies were EMAS certified in Greece by December 2003. The aim of this study is to identify and summarize the experiences of the EMAS certified companies that operate in Greece. Based on the results of the study, the major advantage from the EMAS implementation seems to be the closer monitoring of the production process while the main cost item is the infrastructure upgrading.