双室微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能

构建了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),并应用于污水BOD的检测。优化了MFC型BOD传感器的检测条件,分析了传感器进行污水BOD检测的特征。结果表明,以A2/O污水处理工艺中厌氧段污泥进行接种,双室MFC型BOD传感器2周内完成启动,所产电流达到稳定。传感器的最佳检测条件为外接电阻500Ω,添加缓冲溶液并维持待测水样pH为7.0,添加35 mg/L的L-半胱氨酸作为吸氧剂维持阳极室厌氧环境,阴极室富氧水流量为20 mL/min。利用MFC产生的电流峰值准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,传感器检测范围为10~50 mg/L,检测时间小于3 h;利用MFC产生的电荷量准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,检测范围为10~100 mg/L,检测时间小于10 h。利用MFC电流峰值和电荷量检测污水水样BOD浓度,偏差均小于15%,传感器运行稳定,寿命较长。     

A potential new commercial method for processing leather to reduce environmental impact

INTRODUCTION: Current leather processing method involves dehairing and fibre opening employing lime and sulphide, which results in higher negative impact on the environment due to its uncleanness. This method of dehairing and fibre-opening process accounts for nearly 70-80% biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in tannery wastewater and also the generation of H(2)S gas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hence, an attempt has been made to reduce the environmental impact of the leather processing through a biochemical approach, employing proteolytic enzyme and sodium metasilicate for performing the above process more cleanly. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The developed process exhibits significant reduction in environmental parametres such as COD and total solid loads by 55% and 25%, respectively. This method completely avoids the formation of lime sludge. CONCLUSION: The functional properties of the leathers are also on par with conventionally processed leathers. Further, the process seems to be commercially viable.     

Effectiveness of Treatment Technologies for Wastewater Pollution Generated by Indian Pulp Mills

India has a large number of paper manufacturing units, with mills varying in size of operations and type of product, scattered all over the length and breadth of the country. Present study deals with the survey of four different pulp and paper mills (Mill A, Mill B, Mill C and Mill D) in India, differing in their scale of operation as well as raw material usage. Physico-chemical characterization of wastewaters produced by different processing units like digestor house liquors, bleaching section, paper machine backwaters, combined inlet to the ETP and outlet to ETP, for all the four mills, was conducted. Different parameters like pH, Color, COD, BOD, percent Na, SAR, TDS and Total hardness were analyzed and compared. Highly significant differences were thus found between all the processing units of all four mills with p values < 0.01. This evaluation showed that though these mills have effluent treatment facilities installed in their premises, improvements are still needed to increase their efficiencies for treating the discharged wastewaters.     

Farmyard point discharges and their influence on nutrient and labile carbon dynamics in a second order stream draining through a dairy unit

Two small piped sources deriving from a single farmyard together with the receiving second order stream above and below the farmyard region were sampled over a two-year period. Although not measured directly, observations at the time of sampling suggested that maximum drain flow was about 2% of downstream base flow. Both point sources were flowing on each sampling occasion (~62) and usually had concentrations of phosphorus (P), nitrate (NO(3)-N) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) well above those from the upstream site. Individual sample concentrations ranged over more than two orders of magnitude for most determinants and a large proportion of the total P was present as soluble (inorganic and organic) and therefore labile forms. More than 70% of samples collected at the downstream site had concentrations that were >1.2 times those of the corresponding upstream site. On certain sampling occasions >80% of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and >90% of the BOD and NO(3) instantaneous load appeared to originate from the farmyard region with the composition of downstream samples being completely overwhelmed after the passage through the farmyard. Extrapolations using instantaneous loads suggest that the farmyard and adjacent areas contributed on average 25-30% of the total and dissolved annual downstream P load of 3 kg P ha(-1) and 1.7 kg P ha(-1), respectively. There was no clear relationship between the relative proportion of the contaminant loading originating from the farmyard region and hydrological events. This emphasises the potential localised significance that small, highly concentrated, continuous or semi-continuous farmyard sources can impact headwater streams during periods of low stream flow.     

生化需氧量测定中确定稀释倍数的研究探讨

对于生化需氧量（BOD5）测定中确定稀释倍数的问题,通过多年实践经验,摸索和优化了确定水和废水样品BOD5的稀释倍数,从而达到提高测定BOD5的准确度,降低劳动强度的目的。     

Use of artificial neural network black-box modeling for the prediction of wastewater treatment plants performance

A reliable model for any wastewater treatment plant is essential in order to provide a tool for predicting its performance and to form a basis for controlling the operation of the process. This would minimize the operation costs and assess the stability of environmental balance. This process is complex and attains a high degree of nonlinearity due to the presence of bio-organic constituents that are difficult to model using mechanistic approaches. Predicting the plant operational parameters using conventional experimental techniques is also a time consuming step and is an obstacle in the way of efficient control of such processes. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) black-box modeling approach was used to acquire the knowledge base of a real wastewater plant and then used as a process model. The study signifies that the ANNs are capable of capturing the plant operation characteristics with a good degree of accuracy. A computer model is developed that incorporates the trained ANN plant model. The developed program is implemented and validated using plant-scale data obtained from a local wastewater treatment plant, namely the Doha West wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). It is used as a valuable performance assessment tool for plant operators and decision makers. The ANN model provided accurate predictions of the effluent stream, in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) when using COD as an input in the crude supply stream. It can be said that the ANN predictions based on three crude supply inputs together, namely BOD, COD and TSS, resulted in better ANN predictions when using only one crude supply input. Graphical user interface representation of the ANN for the Doha West WWTP data is performed and presented.     

大辽河口及邻近海域BOD5与COD分布现状和特征

2005年5、6、7和9月对营口大辽河口及其河口邻近海域的环境状况进行了监测调查,并就该海域的BOD5、COD数值和DO的含量、分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,河中BOD5监测数值范围为2.66～8.76 mg/L,邻近海域监测数值的范围为0.55～6.80 mg/L,而河中COD的数值与邻近海域的数值差别不大,水期的不同BOD5和COD的人海量也不同,相同数值BOD5对河中DO的影响明显,对海域DO的影响相对较小.     

2000~2010年大鹏湾溶解有机氮的时空分布

依据2000~2010年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了大鹏湾中溶解有机氮(DON)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合现场盐度、5d生化需氧量(BOD5)、总溶解氮(TDN)和叶绿素a (Chl a)实测数据探讨DON的组成、来源和滞留时间(TDON).结果表明,大鹏湾的水动力条件对DON的分布变化影响不大.DON质量浓度为(0.15±0.08)mg/L,与大亚湾的相近,但比珠江口的低,而比南海北部沿岸的高.由二元混合质量平衡模式结合周边小河溪(向海排放淡水)中TDN的DON质量分数估算的大鹏湾中陆源DON质量分数约为19%,远小于海源的,暗示大鹏湾中的DON以自生来源为主.由平均不稳定DON(LDON):BOD5比率估算的LDON质量分数约为41%.由表层平均浮游植物DON (PDON):Chl a比率估算的PDON质量分数约为17%,而由此结合累计DON估算的大鹏湾中的TDON约为15d.11a研究期间,LDON的年际变化呈下降趋势,而DON和难降解DON (RDON)的年际变化略呈上升趋势,表明RDON在大鹏湾中逐渐缓慢积累.     

厌氧-好氧生物除磷影响因素的控制

采用厌氧-好氧生物除磷工艺,研究了两个关键因子--化学需氧量与磷的比值和污泥负荷对系统除磷效果的影响及其控制.结果表明,原污水中化学需氧量与磷的比值越高,厌氧放磷越多,越有利于除磷;厌氧放磷与厌氧吸收碳源呈正相关;并且,进水化学需氧量与磷的比值的变化对整个系统碳源污染物的去除效果不会产生明显的影响.试验发现,厌氧条件下聚磷菌贮存碳源的多寡并不完全依赖于高能磷酸键水解提供的能量,原污水中化学需氧量越多,越有利于厌氧碳源的贮存.若要达到好的除磷效果,系统的污泥负荷必须控制在0.21～0.5 kg/(kg·d)之间,且污泥负荷越高,除磷效果越佳.     

抗生素废水BOD5的测定误差分析

就抗生素废水BOD5测定误差问题进行探讨,并摸索出一种行之有效的测定方法,采用特殊菌种培养后测定,与CODCr具有良好的相关性,能够客观反映出抗生素废水的有机污染程度.