后现代环境伦理学对哲学主体关系的偏离

后现代环境伦理学接受了后现代哲学的影响,这种影响表现在两个方面：一是它接受了有机哲学的观点,把自然看作是自成一体的有机系统,主体是一个建立经验联系的活动者,而不是客体的对立物,二是它打破了价值确定的传统原则,把自然的创造性引入了价值系统,这也就设定了新的价值关系,为后现代环境伦理学价值理论的构建,奠定了核心基础。     

Integrating larval connectivity into the marine conservation decision-making process across spatial scales

Larval dispersal connectivity is typically integrated into spatial conservation decisions at regional or national scales, but implementing agencies struggle with translating these methods to local scales. We used larval dispersal connectivity at regional (hundreds of kilometers) and local (tens of kilometers) scales to aid in design of networks of no-take reserves in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We used Marxan with Connectivity informed by biophysical larval dispersal models and remotely sensed coral reef habitat data to design marine reserve networks for 4 commercially important reef species across the region. We complemented regional spatial prioritization with decision trees that combined network-based connectivity metrics and habitat quality to design reserve boundaries locally. Decision trees were used in consensus-based workshops with stakeholders to qualitatively assess site desirability, and Marxan was used to identify areas for subsequent network expansion. Priority areas for protection and expected benefits differed among species, with little overlap in reserve network solutions. Because reef quality varied considerably across reefs, we suggest reef degradation must inform the interpretation of larval dispersal patterns and the conservation benefits achievable from protecting reefs. Our methods can be readily applied by conservation practitioners, in this region and elsewhere, to integrate connectivity data across multiple spatial scales.     

Measuring Asset Values and Flow Benefits of Non-Traded Products and Ecosystems Services of Forest and Woodland Resources in South Africa

Conventional measures of economic output, national income and wealth highly underestimate the value and contribution of natural resources to economic welfare. This paper makes estimates of the asset values and flow benefits of non-traded goods and services from forests and woodland resources in South Africa. Four benefit categories were included, namely direct consumptive use values (timber and non-timber products), non-consumptive use values (recreation for example), indirect use values (environmental services such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, etc.), and non-use values (based on contingent valuation by tourists). Asset values were calculated knowing the change in physical stocks and the relevant prices. In South Africa, the increase in assets was equivalent to 1.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) (forests were improving, but fynbos deteriorating), and the flow benefits were equivalent to 0.8% of GDP. These are large magnitudes.     

The relative importance of COVID-19 pandemic impacts on biodiversity conservation globally

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.     

可持续发展与环境伦理的思考

面对环境问题与资源危机,人类社会正面临发展的文明转型.为此我国提出科学发展观,力求全面的可持续发展.我们要转变认识自然的价值观,走出“人类中心论“,构建环境伦理体系.发挥环境伦理的作用和功能,正确处理人与自然的关系,尊重与善待自然,坚持公正补偿、节约、平等和慎行等原则.社会各群体都要负担起环境责任,共同努力,实现可持续发展.     

矿产资源资产化管理理论和方法的分析与展望

本文全面地介绍了矿产资源资产化管理及资产评估的国内外研究现状，系统地总结了在矿产资源价值、矿产资源资产评估、矿产资源资产化管理、资源耗竭—补偿、资源核算等方面的研究成果，并对这一课题的研究提出了建议     

新质生产力的科学内涵与绿色发展

发展新质生产力是新时期推动高质量发展和美丽中国建设的内在要求和重要着力点。本文从新质生产力的科学内涵出发,探究了新质生产力与绿色生产力之间的理论逻辑。新质生产力是一种更先进的生产力质态,体现为劳动者素质提高、劳动资料改进、劳动对象拓展、科学技术进步和管理效能提升,即经济学视角中人造资本、人力资本、生态资源等不同生产要素的配置优化,核心内涵在于人力资本累积和全要素生产率对经济产出的贡献。新质生产力和绿色生产力都以人与自然和谐共生的生产力观为根基,“新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”,既指明了“绿色”是新质生产力的必要条件,同时又强调了新质生产力应当促进绿色发展。新质生产力有助于促进经济绿色化和绿色经济化的进一步转变,是绿色发展的驱动力。同时,绿色新质生产力驱动绿色产业与生态产品第四产业蓬勃发展,应成为新的经济增长点。     

美丽中国建设地方实践评估与展望

美丽中国建设需要各地区各部门社会各界共同推动,开展美丽中国建设地方实践是实现美丽中国建设目标的有效途径。党的十八大以来,全国各地积极开展美丽中国建设实践,全力打造美丽中国建设样本和先行区,丰富建设内涵、深化建设内容、拓展建设领域、创新实践模式、完善实践机制,取得了显著成效,形成了一批典型经验。进入新时代新征程,围绕建设人与自然和谐共生的美丽中国,需要进一步发挥各地积极性、主动性、创造性,深化美丽中国建设地方实践,坚持分区分类因地制宜,形成各美其美的美丽中国建设格局,坚持系统谋划,创新提升美丽中国建设地方实践模式,强化政策协同和宣传激励,形成各地区全社会合力共建美丽中国的良好氛围,为全面建设美丽中国提供丰富的地方实践和坚实的基础支撑。     

安全人性与安全法律法规的互为影响关系研究

为明晰安全人性与安全法律法规间的互为影响关系,从而丰富安全法律法规制定的理论依据,基于安全人性与安全法律法规的内涵,剖析安全法律法规对安全人性的影响作用,构建并解析安全法律法规对安全人性的作用模型。在此基础上,分析安全人性对安全法律法规制定的影响,并深入阐释基于安全人性的安全法律法规制定的基本模式及其安全人性学依据。结果表明,安全法律法规与安全人性间是相辅相成的互为作用关系,安全法律法规是实现安全人性平衡的核心手段,而安全人性是安全法律法规制定的重要基础。     

后疫情重建阶段的碳排放趋势与减排策略研究

本研究利用北京理工大学最新研发的环境经济系统多主体模型,实现了对中国不同部门CO_2排放的中短期高精度模拟,研究在后疫情重建阶段中国财政刺激政策以及行业减排路径对碳排放与经济增长的影响。结果表明,由于"新基建"等疫后重建活动较多针对受疫情直接影响的人类活动高度聚集部门,若财政刺激政策与疫情防控在时间上保持同步,则前者对CO_2排放的增加效果不超过0.4%。各行业减排组合情景下CO_2排放增长率在2021年中位值为4.7%,之后直到"十五五"初期,各情景中位值在1.0%～1.4%。碳排放增长率具体取决于行业的低碳转型速度。相对于"十四五"单位经济产出CO_2排放降低18%的目标,各行业若减碳速度加倍,对降低中国碳排放贡献程度由高到低依次为电力、钢铁、水泥、交通及石化。仅在电力行业加速减碳的各情景下,中国可以在"十四五"至"十五五"初期将CO_2排放维持在稳定水平。与此同时,随着疫情减弱和经济系统中各主体适应性增强,中国GDP将维持平稳增长。上述结果表明,将疫后经济重建与绿色转型相结合,有望在实现经济持续增长的同时,使碳排放按时甚至提前达峰。