江淮地区极端气候事件的时空变化特征

利用1951—2003年的温度和降水资料，研究了江淮地区极端气候事件的空间结构及年代际变化特征。结果发现：（1）气候变暖影响了极端气候事件的变化，这种影响是由气候平均值和方差的共同变化引起的。（2）气候变暖加速了水分的循环过程，导致20世纪90年代以来江淮地区旱涝频率和强度加大，强降水事件增加；冬季极端最低温度升高，低温日数减少；夏季极端最高温度和高温日数开始回升。（3）从极端事件分布的区域变化来看，气候变暖对淮北的影响最大，使这个脆弱性本来就很严重的区域变得更加脆弱。     

贫困地区旅游开发的土地利用--以安徽舒城县百丈岩旅游区为例

通过对贫困地区旅游开发过程中土地利用变化的分析,提出了土地利用变化的驱动力和评价原则,并根据旅游地生命周期理论,对未来土地利用的趋势和方向进行了分析,同时指出在开发旅游时应注意的问题.以安徽省舒城县百丈岩旅游区为例,在分析旅游开发可行性的基础上提出了本区的旅游发展战略,最后分析了旅游开发对土地利用结构变化的影响.     

荆山生态旅游区客源市场现状分析

旅游者是旅游活动的主体,旅游客源是旅游业赖以生存和发展的关键.根据课题组2002年4月在南漳、保康、谷城所作的抽样问卷调查，对荆山生态旅游区旅游客源市场的地域结构、旅游者背景及行为特征进行了分析，并在此基础上提出了旅游客源市场的开发对策.     

Monitoring and management of streambank erosion and natural revegetation on the lower Gordon River,Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area,Australia

The wash from high-speed tourist cruise launches causes erosion of the formerly stable banks of the lower Gordon River within the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Speed and access restrictions on the operation of commercial cruise vessels have considerably slowed, but not halted erosion, which continues on the now destabilized banks. To assess the effectiveness of restrictions, bank erosion and natural revegetation are monitored at 48 sites using erosion pins, survey transects, and vegetation quadrats. The subjectively chosen sites are grouped on the basis of geomorphology and bank materials. The mean measured rate of erosion of estuarine banks slowed from 210 to 19 mm/year with the introduction of a 9 knot speed limit. In areas where cruise vessels continue to operate, alluvial banks were eroded at a mean rate of 11 mm/yr during the three-year period of the current management regime. Very similar alluvial banks no longer subject to commercial cruise boat traffic eroded at the slower mean rate of 3 mm/yr. Sandy levee banks have retreated an estimated maximum 10 m during the last 10–15 years. The mean rate of bank retreat slowed from 112 to 13 mm/yr with the exclusion of cruise vessels from the leveed section of the river. Revegetation of the eroded banks is proceeding slowly; however, since the major bank colonizers are very slow growing tree species, it is likely to be decades until revegetation can contribute substantially to bank stability.     

Conservation and management of the mediterranean coastal sand dunes in Israel

The aims of this study are to review the current situation of the Israeli Mediterranean coastal sand dunes, to examine the causes for this situation, and to propose options for future conservation and management of the protected dune areas based on ecological, environmental, landscape and recreational demands and interests. The coastal dunes of Israel are characterized by diverse plant communities, with 173 plant species occurring on sand (8.2% of the total flora of Israel) including many endemic species (26% of all endemic species in Israel). Most of the species are annuals. The importance of the coastal strip as a centre of floral and faunal speciation is also manifested in the existing sand-bound animals. However, many species are rare. This is mainly due to the extensive industrial and urban development along the coastal plain and the direct and indirect destruction of the remaining open dune areas by tourism, recreation and sand mining. Only ca. 17% of the Israeli coastal dunes are still of good or reasonable ecological value, while < 5% of this area has been designated as protected area. Management policies differ from place to place and depend on local objectives. These objectives derive mainly from the knowledge and data that exist for each location, and its statutory status. Since 1995 several projects, which aim to develop integrated management tools for nature conservation and recreation uses for all coastal sand dunes in Israel have been conducted. These projects are summarized in the present paper.     

煤炭矿区环境成本支出与控制

近年来,我国煤炭矿区历史遗留环境问题已经在一定程度上得到遏制,但煤炭矿区产生的经济效益与环境破坏之间的矛盾仍然比较突出。为促使煤炭产业的可持续发展,创建生态型煤炭矿区,本文对煤炭矿区现存的环境问题进行剖析,依据其剖析结果确认并核算矿区环境成本支出及环境成本支出与控制存在的问题,并对煤炭矿区的发展提出相应的控制措施。     

攀西地区水资源及可持续利用探讨

在分析攀西地区水资源特点的基础上,从资源开发结构调整、可持续发展和区域经济发展的角度阐述了该区水资源开发的迫切性。根据攀西地区水资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了该区水资源可持续利用的对策:统筹兼顾,综合利用;把建设全国能源基地与实现地方电气化相结合,因地制宜开发水能资源;以安宁河流域为重点,加快骨干水利工程建设;抓住机遇,多渠道、多途径开发水资源。     

三峡库区城市化与生态环境耦合关系定量辨识

受人文社会规律支配的城市化过程与受自然规律制约的生态环境演化过程之间,通过种种复杂的胁迫与约束机制,具有双指数倒U型曲线的耦合演化规律性。如果以区域内不同城镇构成的空间样本来测算城市化与生态环境之间的耦合关系,其耦合曲线通常有以下5种型式：下降、正U、上升、倒U和再下降。该演化序列符合否定之否定的发展规律。通过相关分析、主成分分析和层次分析等方法,对三峡库区15个区县的城市化水平和生态环境状况作了综合评价,并在综合和分组两个层面对二者耦合关系进行了定量辨识。结果表明：通过空间样本反映的重庆库区城市化与生态环境耦合关系曲线为正U型,揭示出库区城市化与生态环境耦合演化的二元性;城市化与生态环境沿长江自西向东具有基本一致的变化趋势,说明现阶段库区城市化对生态环境的依赖性大于其破坏性。     

三峡库区1980～2005年农业用地氮平衡时空变化研究

利用三峡库区分区县农业统计资料,对OECD土壤表观氮平衡模型进行适当改进,计算分析三峡库区1980~2005年农业用地氮平衡时空变化格局及驱动机制.结果表明,1980~2005年库区氮总输入和总盈余量呈显著增长趋势,分别从23.4万t和14.4万t增长到45.6万t和30万t;氮总输出量1980~1995年呈增加趋势,从9.0万t到16.7万t,1995年后基本保持稳定趋势;单位面积氮盈余量1980~1998年总体呈持续增加趋势,从133.4 kg/hm2增长到310.3 kg/hm2,1998年后逐步趋向稳定,但空间分布区域差异性增强,主要集中在库中和库首区县,与库区移民数量空间分布具有一定的相似性;氮输入贡献主要来源于化肥、牲畜粪便、人粪尿和生物固氮,累计占总输入90%以上;1995年前库区氮平衡变化主要受国内大量使用化肥宏观环境影响,1995年后受水库淹没和移民影响较大,但其具体影响程度有待进一步分析;建议考虑适当发展副业、改变农业种植结构或进行生态移民等措施减少氮排放量.     

三峡库区新生消落区沉积物磷形态分析

通过分析三峡库区新生典型消落区上覆水及沉积物中磷的赋存形态,揭示消落区沉积物中磷的分布特征和释放规律. 结果表明,不同类型的新生消落区沉积物磷的分布特征与消落区类型、原有使用背景、临时性使用情况等因素有关. 消落区类型对消落区上覆水ρ(总磷)的影响较弱. 消落区沉积物w(活性磷)与淹没状态相关,由露出到淹没状态活性磷逐渐减少,沉积物中w(钙磷)和w(闭蓄态磷)相对较恒定. 受水陆交替非稳态环境因素的影响,水陆交替沉积物w(总磷)相对较低. 消落区沉积物与上覆水中磷的迁移、转化主要以活性磷的释放和沉积为主.