海南岛近岸海域环境容量与纳污总量分析

通过对海南岛"十二五"期间近岸海域纳污总量、环境质量状况及环境容量比较分析,得出各主要排污区环境容量的剩余环境容量。结果表明,全省主要污染物化学需氧量入海量仅占环境容量的2.6%,氨氮占环境容量的26.6%,虽然全省近岸海域环境基本未受污染物入海量影响,仍有较大的纳污空间,可利用的环境容量非常充裕。为避免出现排污达标但环境质量下降的状况,提出建立近岸海域主要污染物总量控制制度,由浓度控制到总量和浓度控制并存。     

A responsibility–accountability framework for private sector use of a World Heritage Area

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is a natural asset of global significance, spanning 2600?km’s along the Australian coastline. On the southern tip of the GBR is the Gladstone region, where high levels of industrial activity have been juxtaposed with the natural wonder, and World Heritage Listed, GBR. Given these competing local priorities, this research explores local perceptions of the GBR and its management. Exploratory analysis of 38 interviews with residents and stakeholders from Gladstone revealed a potential incongruence between environmental concern and support for more stringent management of the tourism and resources sectors on the GBR. A responsibility–accountability framework (RAF) for managing the use and protection of the GBR is developed by drawing on current theoretical frameworks and the results of the interviews. Importantly the framework highlights the importance of business responsibility combined with monitoring and control mechanisms to ensure accountability and to deliver transparency, education and partnership. Future research should apply the RAF for testing and application in other marine World Heritage Area contexts.     

应用简单质量平衡法计算酸沉降临界负荷的研究

基于植物响应、土壤稳定性,铝浓度,碱度和ｐＨ标准,应用简单质量平衡法计算红壤各种土的酸沉降临界负荷。结果表明,沙质红泥土,红沙土,潮沙土、中度侵蚀红壤和潮沙泥土的酸沉降临界负荷较低,棕泥土和红壤土较大;     

基于AHP和模糊数学的滨海城市旅游生态环境评价——以青岛市为例

在分析青岛市旅游发展现状的基础上,选取生物多样性、旅游资源丰富度等共27个因子,构建区域旅游生态环境的评价体系,运用模糊数学方法和AHP法对各层指标进行权重计算,最后建立生态因数模型对青岛市所辖12个区市的旅游生态环境进行评价。结果表明:青岛市所辖区市可划分为四级旅游生态环境可持续发展程度类型区;在诸多评价因子中,以区域经济环境对旅游生态环境的贡献值最大,其次为生态环境各项因子。     

LANDSCAPE‐SCALE ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS TO RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS: PAST,PRESENT, AND FUTURE1

ABSTRACT: Analyses of cumulative impacts to riparian systems is an important yet elusive goal. Previous analyses have focused on comparing the number of hectares impacted to the number of hectares restored, without addressing the loss of riparian function or the effect of the spatial distribution of impacts. This paper presents an analysis of the spatial distribution of development‐related impacts to riparian ecosystems, that were authorized under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Impacts on habitat structure, contiguity, and landscape context were evaluated using functional indices scaled to regional reference sites. Impact sites were mapped using GIS and analyzed for spatial associations. Positive spatial autocorrelation (i.e. clustering of impact sites) resulted from the piecemeal approach to impact assessment, which failed to prevent cumulative impacts. Numerous small projects in close proximity have resulted in adverse impacts to entire stream reaches or have fragmented the aquatic resources to a point where overall functional capacity is impaired. Additionally, the ecological functions of unaffected areas have been diminished due to their proximity to degraded areas. A proactive approach to managing cumulative impacts is currently being used in Orange County, California as part of a Corps of Engineers sponsored Special Area Management Plan (SAMP). The SAMP process is evaluating the ecological conditions and physical processes of the study watersheds and attempting to plan future development in a manner that will guard against cumulative impacts.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.     

基于LEAP模型的临港新片区中长期碳排放预测及减排潜力分析

基于上海临港新片区现有统计数据,结合其未来社会经济发展、产业结构和技术进步等,构建了LEAP-临港模型,分析了基准情景、低碳情景和强化低碳情景下新片区的能源需求和碳排放演化趋势.为增强模型的预测精准度,采用Logistic人口生长模型对临港未来人口数据进行预测,并利用学习曲线模型模拟相关减碳技术的成本发展趋势.同时,构建了碳减排技术的经济性评价模型,通过绘制边际减排成本曲线对典型减碳技术的经济成本及减排潜力进行评估.结果表明,强化低碳情景下,2060年临港新片区一次能源消费中可再生能源占比达69%,电能在终端能源需求中占比达91%;临港新片区可在2030年实现碳达峰,且2060年碳排放量相较基准情景下降94%.就减排贡献度而言,清洁能源替代、产业结构优化和终端能效提升对临港碳减排起到关键作用,中期（至2035年）分别贡献35.1%、27.3%和16.2%的碳减排量,长期（至2060年）分别贡献50.6%、8.75%和7.7%的碳减排量.就具体减碳技术而言,氢能发电、电解水制氢及碳捕获和利用与封存（CCUS）技术对实现净零排放意义重大,但减排成本相对较高.研究成果可为临港及相关地区的低碳绿色发展提供思路和借鉴.     

三峡库区退耕还林后植物多样性研究

通过对三峡库区不同退耕还林阶段的植物群落调查,结果表明退耕还林后植物群落演替基本沿着:农田杂草→草地→灌木林地→天然次生乔木林的方向而发展.但由于退耕还林阶段受环境因素或干扰状况对群落植物多样性的影响,加上退耕还林中树种较为单一,退耕还林后群落的物种丰富度和物种多样性没有得到提高.通过对处于相同退耕还林阶段的不同植物群落类型的调查,以及对同一群落类型中具有不同群落结构的植物物种组成情况的调查发现,在植物群落内部,群落组成中的不同生活型的物种多样性表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.从优势种来看,乔木层主要为马尾松和柏木;灌层中为火棘、栓皮栎、山莓、黄构皮等;草本层中主要为白茅、茅叶荩草、白喜草、竹枝细柄草、渐尖毛蕨、日本金粉蕨、过路黄等.退耕还林10年后发育形成的密林中,乔木物种数目较多,多样性指数最大.     

三峡库区主要森林植被类型土壤有机碳贮量研究

根据全国森林资源清查资料,按主要优势树种和分布面积将三峡库区主要森林植被划分为马尾松针叶林、栎类混交林、灌木林等11种主要森林植被类型。基于196个土壤剖面数据,分析了11种主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量、碳密度大小和分配特征。研究发现,三峡库区主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均存在较大差异,二者总体上都随土层加深而降低。11种主要森林植被类型中以杉木针叶林土壤有机碳密度最大,达16.0 kg/m2,温性松林下土壤碳密度最小,仅为7.9 kg/m2。不同植被类型下土壤有机碳贮量在土层中的分配比例也不同,以灌木林和柏木林土壤碳贮量在土层间的差异最大。11种主要森林植被类型土壤平均厚度为56.3～98.5 cm,其中杉木针叶林土壤最厚,达98.5 cm,灌丛土壤最薄,平均厚度仅56.3 cm。三峡库区11种主要森林植被类型总面积为3 313 251 hm2,土壤总有机碳贮量为 366.36 t,其中0～10、10～20、20～40和＞40 cm土层分别占22.90%、18.36%、28.33%和30.41%。     

Monitoring Diffuse Impacts: Australian Tourism Developments

/ The scientific quality of monitoring for diffuse environmental impacts has rarely been quantified. This paper presents an analysis of all formal environmental monitoring programs for Australian tourism developments over a 15-year period from 1980 to 1995. The tourism sector provides a good test bed for this study because tourism developments are (1) often adjacent to or even within conservation reserves and other relatively undisturbed natural environments, and (2) often clustered, with resulting cumulative impacts that require detection at an early stage. Here we analyze the precision and reliability with which monitoring programs as actually implemented can detect diffuse environmental impacts against natural variation. Of 175 Australian tourism developments subject to EIA from 1980 to 1993 inclusive, only 13 were subject to formal monitoring. Only 44 individual parameters, in total, were monitored for all these developments together. No baseline monitoring was conducted for nine of the 44 parameters. For the remaining 35, only one was monitored for a full year. Before, after, control, impact, paired sampling (BACIP) monitoring designs were used for 24 of the 44 parameters, and power analysis in 10. The scientific quality of monitoring was significantly better for developments subject to control by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA). The key factor appears to be the way in which GBRMPA uses external referees and manages external consultants. The GBRMPA model merits wider adoption.