Efficient thinning regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata: Multi-objective stand-level optimisation using the island model genetic algorithm

A stand-level optimisation problem formulated to determine a set of efficient thinning regimes satisfying two objectives, i.e. value production for sawlog harvesting and volume production for a pulpwood market, was demonstrated for a Eucalyptus fastigata trial in Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand. Genetic algorithms were used to estimate the set of efficient thinning regimes (i.e. regimes that occur when it is not possible to increase the achievement of one objective without reducing another) known as a Pareto frontier. Each thinning regime specified a unique combination of initial planting density; frequency, timing and intensity of thinning; final crop number; and rotation length. Specifications for the “best” regime in the Pareto set (i.e. the one that satisfied a balanced trade-off between value and volume production) were similar to those recommended through professional judgment based on pooled long-term field observations from different eucalypt species grown throughout New Zealand. The advantage of Pareto optimality was the ability of not only identifying a unique thinning regime, but equally efficient regimes each providing a different combination of value and volume production. Research on this approach has the potential of being applied to other forest sites, providing there is sufficient re-measurement data to reflect stand growth dynamics.     

长江口围填海土壤中PBDEs的浓度、组成及来源解析

选取上海市崇明岛为采样区域,研究1974—2010年5个年代的由长江泥沙冲刷淤积而成的长江口围填海土壤中PBDEs的质量比分布、组成特征,并对其进行来源解析。于2012年10月在选取的5个年代区域分别采用五点梅花网格布点法采集表层(0~15 cm)和深层(100 cm)土壤,样品经索氏提取和层析净化处理后,采用GC-MS定量定性方法检测。结果表明,12种PBDEs目标化合物全部被检出,表层和深层土壤中∑12PBDEs质量比范围分别为8.008~27.783 ng/g、7.032~12.506 ng/g,主要是低溴代PBDEs。此外,其污染水平随年代呈现不断上升的趋势。最后基于因子分析法解析其来源,围填海土壤样品中最主要的污染源是PBDE-17、47、66和28;而且结合土壤污染质量比及组分特征分析得到,表层土壤与下一年代的围填海深层土壤的污染水平和来源基本一致。     

基于遥感技术的近30 a海南岛海岸线时空变化

了解海岸线变化对海岸资源的开发与保护有着重要的意义。论文基于遥感技术与GIS技术,提取了海南岛1980、1990、2000、2010年4个时期的海岸线,并对其30 a来的时空变化特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:海南岛海岸线变化主要受人为因素的影响,近30 a来其长度增加了55.4 km;海岸线时空变化显著,变化比较剧烈的岸段多分布在地势较为平缓的南部地区,以养殖开发、工业用地、城镇与港口建设用地为主。研究认为,海南岛海岸线的变化,将有可能导致诸如岸线侵蚀等环境问题,应注意合理开发,利用海岸线资源。     

温度对凤眼莲浮岛净化效果影响的研究

以凤眼莲浮床为研究对象,研究不同温度下浮床的净化效率、水生植物生长情况和植物体中氮磷的累积量。研究结果表明,凤眼莲浮岛对TN、TP的去除率与温度并不成正相关。浮岛的处理效果主要与浮岛植物的生物量有关,其处理效率随着生物量的增加而增加。凤眼莲浮岛25℃时处理效率明显高于35℃和15℃。在北方地区浮岛技术的生态学价值要显著于环境工程价值。     

永兴岛大气CH4浓度变化特征及影响因子研究

依托国家海洋局三沙海洋环境监测中心站,基于激光大气温室气体分析仪（GLA331-GGA）,搭建了一套全自动、连续、高精度观测大气CH₄的观测系统.通过气团后向轨迹输送特征,结合数值统计方法（局部近似回归法）,对西沙永兴岛区域2013年12月~2017年11月期间的观测数据进行了数据筛分和分析.结果显示：西沙海域大气CH₄季节变化与北半球大气本底变化状况类似,冬季高、夏季低,年平均增长率约为11.9×10^-9,年平均季节振幅为81.1×10^-9;其日变化呈现中午低、凌晨高的单周期正弦变化特征;该区域风场数据和气团后向轨迹分析表明：季风是影响该区域CH₄浓度变化的最主要因素.     

生态旅游资源管理中社区参与激励机制探讨--以厦门岛东海岸区生态旅游开发为例

以厦门岛东海岸区 (黄厝 )生态旅游开发为例 ,提出在生态资源开发、管理过程中 ,实现社区公众有效参与、社区居民的生活水平得到提高的同时 ,达到生态保护目的的保障机制———生态旅游股份合作制。进而就厦门岛东海岸区生态旅游股份合作制运行框架进行了探讨。     

上海市崇明岛公路两侧土壤重金属污染研究

采集了上海市崇明岛陈海、北沿公路两侧土壤和灰尘样品270余个,测定了样品的Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr重金属含量。结果表明,陈海和北沿公路两侧土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到277、0279、258、918和776 mg/kg,土壤Cd污染较严重。采集的路面灰尘样品Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到512、049、489、209和970 mg/kg,超过土壤背景值2~4倍,是土壤重金属的主要二次污染源。公路防护林体系较差的北沿公路路侧土壤纵向剖面（垂直于公路走向）重金属含量随距路肩距离增加呈指数下降,土壤重金属重污染区在距路肩15 m范围内。防护林体系较完善的陈海公路距路肩15 m范围内土壤重金属污染较小,土壤重金属重污染区出现在距路肩20~50 m范围内。     

崇明岛风景旅游区空气负离子监测评价方案研究

崇明岛作为上海市的未来生态岛屿,至今尚未开展过系统的空气负离子研究。依据该县相关规划,结合区域植被、地貌、人为影响等因素,在东滩国家级自然保护区、东平国家森林公园、前卫村、明珠湖和西沙湿地5个监测区域共选定了18个空气质量监测点进行研究。按崇明风景旅游区的具体情况,对国内外7种空气负离子监测评价方法进行了比较,最终确定选用安培空气质量评价系数、森林空气离子评价系数、空气负离子系数评价法、轻重离子比评价法来对该岛的空气质量进行评价。最后还对相关负离子监测仪器进行了分析及建议。     

强烈风化条件下玄武岩发育土壤的元素地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带,晚第三纪以来喷发的玄武岩上广泛发育铁铝土。土壤剖面的常量元素、微量元素、化学风化指标及元素迁移率的研究表明:(1)土壤Al2O3、Fe2O3、SiO2和TiO2元素富集,水溶型元素强烈淋失,高CIA值和低ba值均显示其经历强烈的化学风化作用;(2)元素含量和元素迁移率的计算结果显示,温带难迁移的Ti、Zr、Hf和Nb等元素在高温多雨的热带环境下也会发生强烈的淋失,究其原因主要受湿热环境下高有机质含量和强酸性条件影响;(3)Fe、Al、Cu和Ni等元素的迁移则反映了基岩发育土壤自下而上的风化渐进特征;(4)表层土壤K、Na和Sr元素的强烈富集则与大气沉降有关。     

Effects of Population Size on Singing Behavior of a Rare Duetting Songbird

Although the genetic and ecological effects of population declines in endangered species have been well studied, little is known of the social consequences. Changes in signaling behavior may result in disrupted communication and affect both reproductive and conflict‐resolution activities. The North Island Kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni) is an endangered, duetting (i.e., alternating, coordinated singing by mated pairs) songbird endemic to New Zealand temperate rain forests. Scattered populations (approximately 1500 individuals in 13 surviving and 11 translocated populations) in isolated conservation areas of different sizes have been rescued from extirpation and are currently recovering. We examined key song attributes of the Kōkako to assess whether population size or growth rate are related to song complexity, the reduction of which may compromise effective communication. We analyzed song repertoire size and phrase‐type sharing (i.e., Jaccard index of similarity), vocal performance (singing rates, song switching rates, and diversity of phrase types), and song syntactical characteristics (i.e., unpredictability in sequences of phrase types) in surviving and translocated populations (populations of approximately 19–250 territorial individuals). Population size was positively correlated with a population's song repertoire, song diversity, and switching of song phrase types and negatively correlated with shared phrase types and variation in syntactical structure of songs. Population growth rate correlated positively with pair repertoire size, population repertoire size, and singing rates during song bouts. As for solo‐singing species in fragmented landscapes, songs in the fragmented populations of Kōkako appear to be undergoing microevolution as occurs in island colonization events. Our results suggest that vocal changes in small populations could affect population establishment and growth, particularly in multiple‐source translocations. We believe measurement of vocal behavior could be used as a supplement to periodic population censuses to allow more frequent monitoring of population size. Efectos de la Conducta de Canto sobre el Tamaño Poblacional de una Ave Canora Rara