海南岛沿海牡蛎体中PAHs的时空分布及其健康风险评价

2009~2014年对海南岛沿岸近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)体中16种PAHs的污染水平、空间分布及趋势变化进行了研究.结果表明,海南岛沿岸牡蛎体中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量范围为289~2426ng/g d.w.,平均值为856.7ng/g d.w..与国内外相比,海南岛牡蛎体PAHs含量处于中等水平.海南岛牡蛎体PAHs含量表现出一定的空间差异,平均含量大小顺序为:八所港>榆林港>马袅港>东寨港. Mann-Kendall检验结果显示,八所港牡蛎体中PAHs含量有显著上升趋势(P0.05).组分分析结果显示,海南岛牡蛎主要以2~3环的低分子量PAHs为主(62.3%~92.5%).来源分析表明牡蛎体PAHs主要为石油源和油类燃烧源.风险评价结果显示,八所港牡蛎的PAHs致癌风险超过最大可接受致癌风险(10-5),但尚未达到严重的致癌风险(10-4),而其他站点牡蛎均处于可接受致癌风险水平.本研究建议居民对八所港牡蛎和海南其它牡蛎的日均消费量分别不超过56g和 67g.     

海南土壤中稀土元素含量及分布特征

对海南四种不同母质来源的土壤样品中的稀土元素含量及分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:除砂岩母质外,海南省其它母质的土壤中稀土元素总量都高于全国土壤、世界土壤和地壳中稀土元素的平均含量;各母质类型土壤中Eu亏损明显。花岗岩上发育的土壤中稀土元素含量最高,总量达419.42mg/kg。砂岩和花岗岩上发育的土壤中LREE相对富集。LREE和HREE在不同母质来源的土壤剖面中的富集、迁移等地球化学行为不完全相同,这说明:土壤发育过程中,稀土元素的含量和分布不仅仅和成土过程、气候及其它地球化学因素有关,而且与母质也有重要的关系,母质往往制约着风化成土过程中稀土元素的地球化学行为。     

基于森林健康视角的北长山岛人工林生物量

以山东省长岛县北长山岛为研究区,通过现场调查、数学模型和3S技术,分析人工林生物量的总量（全部生物量）、存量（活树生物量）、失量（死树生物量）和存量失量比,并探讨生物量的影响因子.结果显示：（1）北长山岛人工林生物量总量共5.88万t,均值为145.8t/hm²,高于全国和山东省的平均水平;生物量存量共3.79万t,失量共2.09万t,其均值分别为93.9t/hm²和51.9t/hm²,森林健康问题已经成为影响北长山岛人工林生物量的重要因素.（2）随着林分密度的增加,生物量总量和存量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,失量持续上升,存量失量比则不断下降;随着胸径的增大,黑松的存量失量比逐渐减小,刺槐则相反;NDVI与生物量总量、存量和存量失量比呈显著正相关,与失量呈显著负相关.（3）存量失量比与坡向、土壤含水率、全磷和总氮呈显著正相关,与海拔、坡度、含盐量和全钾呈显著负相关,与坡位、pH值和总碳关系不明显.     

Landsenses pattern design to mitigate gale conditions in the coastal city – a case study of Pingtan,China

ABSTRACT

Due to the special geographic locations and multiple typhoons a year, the frequent strong winds bring great discomfort and danger to the daily lives of the urban residents in southeast coast of China. The strategic design of landsenses pattern on different scales can help reduce gale days in urban areas while delivering diverse additional benefits such as pollution control and biodiversity habitat protection. Although the greatest gale days are observed in cold and damp winters, there is comparatively little information available for land managers to determine an appropriate strategy for landsenses pattern design under these climatic conditions. We present a framework for prioritization and selection of landsenses pattern for gale day reductions. The framework is supported by examining the relationships between urban landsenses pattern evolution and gale day mitigation in the past, with which we used to develop implementation guidelines that maximize reductions of urban surface gale days. We focus particularly on quantifying the benefits of four types of landsenses: land-use patterns, urban road network, architectural patterns, and vertical greening systems (green walls and facades) and demonstrate how to apply the framework with a case study from Pingtan Island, China.     

Intraguild predation and mesopredator release effect on long-lived prey

Complete extirpation of a species can generate cascading effects throughout an ecosystem, yet are precisely the goal of island eradications of pest species. “Mesopredator release effect”, an asymmetrical special case of intraguild predation, has been hypothesised as a possible indirect effect from eradications, where superpredator removal can generate a mesopredator increase which may increase the impact on their shared prey. Theoretically this suggests that for intraguild predators, the superpredator may protect the shared prey from mesopredation, and removal of superpredators alone is not recommended. We create a model of long-lived age-structured shared prey and explore the non-equilibrium dynamics of this system. The superpredator can impact all prey life-stages (adult survival and reproductive success) whereas the smaller mesopredator can only impact early life-stages (reproductive success). This model is independently tested with data from a closed oceanic island system where eradication of introduced intraguild predators is possible for conservation of threatened birds. Mesopredator release only occurs in strongly top-down moderated (resource-abundant) systems. Even when mesopredator release can occur, the negative impact of more mesopredators is outweighed by the benefit of superpredator removal, allowing recovery of the prey population. Results are robust to 10% variation in model parameters. The consideration of age-structured prey contradicts previous theoretical results for mesopredator release effect and intraguild predation. Superpredator eradication is vital for population recovery of long-lived insular species. Nonetheless island conservation must retain a whole-ecosystem perspective given the complex trophic relationships among multiple species on islands.     

上海崇明岛农田土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

在上海崇明岛采集了101个耕层土壤样品,利用GC-μECD测定了8种多氯联苯(PCBs)浓度,并对其进行多元统计分析,探讨了其可能的污染来源.结果表明,样品PCBs浓度范围为n.d.~261ng/g,均值为56.0ng/g,低氯联苯含量和检出率均较高.不同土壤利用方式对PCBs残留量有一定影响,表现为水稻田土壤>大棚蔬菜西瓜田土壤>露天蔬菜西瓜田土壤.主成分分析和相关性研究结果显示,土壤中低氯联苯同系物间相关性较好,污染来源可能为同一类.     

长兴岛邻近海域的沉积物粒度参数特征及物源分析

采用筛分法和吸液法分析长兴岛邻近海域11个表层沉积物样品,获得了1Φ间隔的粒度参数数据。分析结果表明,临港工业区附近海域的沉积物类型主要有G、S、S-T-Y、TS、YS、G-S-T、ST、YT共8种,S和ST是该区的优势和次优势组份。平均粒径在-1~2.623Φ,分选系数在0.221~3.213,偏态在0.311~1.311,峰态在0.828~3.978。基于沉积物各粒级的空间分布规律,对研究区域的物质来源情况,进行了分析讨论。     

崇明岛风景旅游区空气负离子监测评价方案研究

崇明岛作为上海市的未来生态岛屿,至今尚未开展过系统的空气负离子研究。依据该县相关规划,结合区域植被、地貌、人为影响等因素,在东滩国家级自然保护区、东平国家森林公园、前卫村、明珠湖和西沙湿地5个监测区域共选定了18个空气质量监测点进行研究。按崇明风景旅游区的具体情况,对国内外7种空气负离子监测评价方法进行了比较,最终确定选用安培空气质量评价系数、森林空气离子评价系数、空气负离子系数评价法、轻重离子比评价法来对该岛的空气质量进行评价。最后还对相关负离子监测仪器进行了分析及建议。     

强烈风化条件下玄武岩发育土壤的元素地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带,晚第三纪以来喷发的玄武岩上广泛发育铁铝土。土壤剖面的常量元素、微量元素、化学风化指标及元素迁移率的研究表明:(1)土壤Al2O3、Fe2O3、SiO2和TiO2元素富集,水溶型元素强烈淋失,高CIA值和低ba值均显示其经历强烈的化学风化作用;(2)元素含量和元素迁移率的计算结果显示,温带难迁移的Ti、Zr、Hf和Nb等元素在高温多雨的热带环境下也会发生强烈的淋失,究其原因主要受湿热环境下高有机质含量和强酸性条件影响;(3)Fe、Al、Cu和Ni等元素的迁移则反映了基岩发育土壤自下而上的风化渐进特征;(4)表层土壤K、Na和Sr元素的强烈富集则与大气沉降有关。     

Efficient thinning regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata: Multi-objective stand-level optimisation using the island model genetic algorithm

A stand-level optimisation problem formulated to determine a set of efficient thinning regimes satisfying two objectives, i.e. value production for sawlog harvesting and volume production for a pulpwood market, was demonstrated for a Eucalyptus fastigata trial in Kaingaroa Forest, New Zealand. Genetic algorithms were used to estimate the set of efficient thinning regimes (i.e. regimes that occur when it is not possible to increase the achievement of one objective without reducing another) known as a Pareto frontier. Each thinning regime specified a unique combination of initial planting density; frequency, timing and intensity of thinning; final crop number; and rotation length. Specifications for the “best” regime in the Pareto set (i.e. the one that satisfied a balanced trade-off between value and volume production) were similar to those recommended through professional judgment based on pooled long-term field observations from different eucalypt species grown throughout New Zealand. The advantage of Pareto optimality was the ability of not only identifying a unique thinning regime, but equally efficient regimes each providing a different combination of value and volume production. Research on this approach has the potential of being applied to other forest sites, providing there is sufficient re-measurement data to reflect stand growth dynamics.