中亚热带常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中盐基离子变化特征

基于野外实验和室内实验相结合的方法,于2012年9月至2013年8月对四面山常绿阔叶林大气降水、穿透水、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续一年的森林不同层次盐基离子季节动态变化特征的研究.结果表明,四面山大气降水全年pH平均值为4.90,最大值为5.14,大气降水明显偏酸性;土壤层和林冠层能使降雨的p H值有所升高,其中土壤层对p H值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林冠层;森林冠层只对Na~+有一定的截留作用,降雨能够淋溶森林冠层的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+;研究结果也表明,枯枝落叶的降解是导致各盐基离子质量浓度在枯透水中增加的主要原因;枯透水下渗的过程淋溶了森林土壤中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+.四面山大气降水经过森林生态系统后Ca~(~(2+))、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+的总截留率分别为33.82%、-7.06%、74.36%、42.87%,森林生态系统对Ca~(2+)、Na~+、K~+表现出了截留作用,其中对Na~+截留率最大.     

水体模拟颗粒物对四环素的吸附特性及基本规律

为了更深入了解水环境中颗粒物对抗生素的吸附规律,选用典型抗生素——四环素（TC）和悬浮态的高岭土模拟天然水体中颗粒物对四环素的吸附过程,探究颗粒物对TC的吸附规律及不同颗粒物投加量、pH、温度和阳离子对颗粒物吸附TC的影响.结果表明颗粒物对TC在混合4 h之前快速吸附,之后单位吸附量随时间较小波动,在12 h后基本达到吸附平衡.在溶液中颗粒物对TC的单位吸附量随着颗粒物投加量的增大而减小;颗粒物对TC抗生素的吸附更符合Langmuir等温吸附规律;颗粒物对TC的吸附在pH=4.5附近达到最大值,强酸（pH<4）或强碱（pH>9）环境均抑制颗粒物对TC的吸附;低价态的阳离子如Na⁺、Ca²⁺（浓度在0.0001~0.1 mol·L^-1范围）等对颗粒物吸附TC均产生抑制作用,且随着离子浓度的增加,抑制作用增强,但三价阳离子的作用却非常特别,如低浓度的Al³⁺（0.0001 mol·L^-1）会促进吸附作用,随着Al³⁺浓度增加,促进作用减弱,直到Al³⁺达到较高浓度（0.01 mol·L^-1）,又会抑制颗粒物对TC的吸附.综合本实验获得的颗粒物吸附TC的基本特征和规律,可以初步推断：在实际水环境中由于颗粒物对TC的快速吸附和低浓度Al³⁺的促进作用,TC在水环境和饮用水处理工艺中更易随颗粒物的运动发生同步迁移,颗粒物的归宿主要决定了TC的归宿,如进入天然水体沉积物中或饮用水处理工艺的污泥中,这也进一步揭示了天然水体中沉积物往往易被检出较高含量TC的根本原因.     

用VB开发电子阅览室登录计费系统

介绍了基于VB SQL SERVER电子阅览室登录系统的设计与实现.从数据库设计、操作过程等方面讨论了所遇到的并解决的关键问题:登录功能的实现,语音功能、上机计时收费、打印收费功能以及各种统计查询功能的实现等,形成了一个完整的,功能较为齐全的,安全性和工作效率较高的电子阅览室登录系统.     

Removal of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by marine green alga Ulva lactuca

Biosorption of colours is an important technology for treatment of different types of industrial wastewaters containing dyes. The objective of this study was to convert green alga Ulva lactuca to dye adsorbents for wastewater treatment. The importance of commonly available green alga Ulva lactuca was investigated as viable biomaterials for the biological treatment of synthetic basic blue 9 (5-ch1oro-N,N,N^',N^'-tetramethyl-5λ⁴-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine) effluents. The results obtained from the batch experiments revealed the ability of the green algae to remove the basic blue 9, and this was dependent on the dye concentration, pH, and algal biomass. We investigated the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption, and the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to fit the equilibrium isotherm. The adsorption isotherm of basic blue 9 followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich models with a correlation coefficient of ∼0.96-0.99, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model (R²=1.0). The maximum adsorption capacity was about 40.2 mg of dye per gram of dry green algae at pH 10, 25 g l^-1 dye and 2.5 g l^-1 alga concentrations. This study demonstrated that the green algae could be used as an effective biosorbent for the treatment of dye-containing wastewater streams.     

Adsorption of basic dyes onto MCM-41

The adsorption of two basic dyes, Basic Green 5 (BG5) and Basic Violet 10 (BV10), onto MCM-41 was studied to examine the possible effect of interactions between large adsorbates and MCM-41 on the pore structure stability of MCM-41 and the potential of MCM-41 for the removal of basic dyes from wastewater. The revolutions of surface characteristics and pore structure of MCM-41 induced by dyes adsorption were characterized based on the analyses of the nitrogen isotherms, the XRD patterns, and the FTIR spectra. It was experimentally concluded that when the effect of interactions between large dyes (such as BV10) and MCM-41 on the pore structure stability of MCM-41 was insignificant, MCM-41 might be a good adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from wastewater. The adsorption of BV10 on MCM-41 with respect to contact time, pH, and temperature was then measured to provide more information about the adsorption characteristics of MCM-41. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to describe the kinetic data, from which some adsorption thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated.     

区域自然灾害系统基本单元：研究—Ⅰ：理论部分

本文在区域自然灾害系统论的基础上提出了组成区域自然灾害系统的最小空间单位——区域自然灾害系统基本单元的概念体系，解决了区域自然灾害系统研究中的最小空间均质单位问题。进而提出了应用ＧＩＳ技术划分不同空间尺度下基本单元、提取与基本单元相匹配的不同类型的属性数据的方法，使不同来源的数据在基本单元中得到统一的表达，解决了区域自然灾害研究中以自然单元为基础的数据与以行政单元数据相匹配的问题，为区域自然灾害研究向定量化方向发展奠定了基础。     

Kinetics and mechanism of hexavalent chromium removal by basic oxygen furnace slag

Basic oxygen furnace slag(BOFS) has the potential to remove hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI))from wastewater by a redox process due to the presence of minerals containing Fe2+. The effects of the solution p H, initial Cr(VI) concentration, BOFS dosage, BOFS particle size, and temperature on the removal of Cr(VI) was investigated in detail through batch tests. The chemical and mineral compositions of fresh and reacted BOFS were characterized using scanning electron microscope(SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)system and X-ray diffractometer(XRD). The results show that Cr(VI) in wastewater can be efficiently removed by Fe2+released from BOFS under appropriate acidic conditions. The removal of Cr(VI) by BOFS significantly depended on the parameters mentioned above. The reaction of Cr(VI) with BOFS followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fe2+responsible for Cr(VI) removal was primarily derived from the dissolution of Fe O and Fe3O4 in BOFS. When H2SO4 was used to adjust the solution acidity, gypsum(Ca SO4·2H2O)could be formed and become an armoring precipitate layer on the BOFS surface, hindering the release of Fe2+and the removal of Cr(VI). Finally, the main mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by BOFS was described using several consecutive reaction steps.     

Base-cation deposition in Europe—part II. Acid neutralization capacity and contribution to forest nutrition

An assessment was made of the capacity of base cations to neutralize acid deposition and of the contribution of base cation deposition to forest nutrition in Europe. In large parts of southern Europe more than 50% of the potential acid deposition was found counteracted by deposition of non-sea salt Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺ + K⁺. In central and northwestern Europe, base cation deposition usually amounted to less than 25% of the acid input. Smallest base cation deposition relative to potential acid deposition was found in southern Scandinavia, Denmark, northern Germany and The Netherlands. A similar spatial pattern was found for the neutralization of acid anions in precipitation. Whereas in Scandinavia weathering is the dominant supplier of base cation to forest soils, in eastern and southern Europe, forests mainly rely on atmospheric deposition for the supply of base cations. Using error propagation, the random and systematic error in acid neutralization capacity for an average grid cell of 10 × 20 km was estimated to equal 45–55% and 50–55%, respectively.     

构建环境监测管理决策支持系统的初步设想

阐述了环境监测管理决策支持系统的信息来源，介绍了基础数据库的建立方式，指出环境监测管理决策支持系统包括系统储备信息、系统更新信息、请求信息和解决方案信息，由用户、语言系统、知识系统和问题处理系统组成，具备基础数据管理、决策支持和环境预警功能，具有实用性、开放性和高效性。     

基础研究与林火实践

通过介绍森林火灾的双重性分析森林火灾的几个典型现象,探讨了如何对森林火灾进行基础研究和模拟实验。并从着火过程,林火行为,阻炎林带的阻火机理三个方面论述了基础与林火初中之间的关系。