无锡太湖治理工作回顾和加强基础性研究的建议

对无锡太湖治理工作进行了总结和回顾,指出目前太湖“藻型生境条件”尚未根本改变,湖体中蓝藻数量仍处于较高水平且随时有大面积暴发的可能,太湖治理将是一项长期的系统性工作。针对太湖基础性研究相对滞后制约科学治太工作推进的问题,提出必须加强“太湖总氮来源及控制措施”“太湖蓝藻水华成因及控制措施”“太湖纳污能力”“太湖水生态修复方法”等7项重点基础性研究的建议。     

Creating Defensible Space in the Wildland–Urban Interface: The Influence of Values on Perceptions and Behavior

We examined the effect that value orientation to forests and wildland fire management has on an individual’s decision to create defensible space around his or her residence in the wildland–urban interface. Using data from a mail-back questionnaire, respondents in north central Minnesota were clustered by basic value–laden beliefs toward forest and wildland fire management and compared across a number of perceptions and behaviors related to creating defensible space around residences. Value orientation groups differed in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control toward creating defensible space. In addition, relative effects of these perceptions on intention to create defensible space differed across groups. Implications lie in (a) understanding differences in motivations and reasons for support of strategies for managing fires near the wildland–urban interface, (b) developing information designed to address the perspectives of different groups related to creating defensible space, and (c) contributing to an improved integration of land management and public concerns and interests.     

Soil acidification and foliar nutrient status of Ontario's deciduous forest in 1986 and 2005

To assess the impacts of the decline in sulphur (S) deposition over the past 20 years in Ontario, soil chemistry and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) foliar chemistry were measured at 17 sites in south and central Ontario in 2005 and compared with archived samples collected in 1986. Foliar S concentrations were lower in 2005, reflecting the decline in S deposition whereas foliar N remained unchanged, reflecting the lack of change in N deposition in Ontario. Mineral soil pH, exchangeable base cations were lower in 2005 whereas total S, N and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were unchanged. Foliar concentrations of Ca were positively related to soil Ca levels in the A-horizon and were lower in 2005. Despite evidence of increasing soil acidity and losses of calcium, foliar base cation concentrations at most sites were adequate for sugar maple and forest health in terms of canopy appearance (Decline Index) improved.     

城镇生活垃圾转运技术的探讨

对垃圾转运系统的基本知识做了简要介绍,详细阐述了目前生活垃圾常用的转运模式,介绍了垃圾转运过程中的二次污染及控制技术,分析了现行主要的垃圾转运技术及其发展趋势。     

不同生物炭对酸性农田土壤性质和作物产量的动态影响

为研究不同原料生物炭对农田土壤酸度、交换性能、磷素养分以及作物产量的综合动态影响,试验设置空白(CK)、水稻秸秆生物炭(RSB)、玉米秸秆生物炭(MSB)、小麦秸秆生物炭(WSB)、稻壳生物炭(RHB)和竹炭(BCB)这6种处理,生物炭按质量分数0.1%施入农田进行长期定点试验,测定水稻、油菜和玉米这3季作物产量和作物收割后的土壤理化性质.结果表明,添加不同原料生物炭可有效提高土壤pH和交换性能,降低交换性酸含量,作用效果随时间下降.生物炭对盐基离子组成的影响为提高交换性K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量,降低Na⁺含量.生物炭能不同程度地增加土壤有机质(SOM)、速效磷、总磷和无机磷(Al-P和Fe-P)含量,作物产量较当季对照显著提高(P<0.05),稻壳生物炭在改良酸性土壤理化性质和提高作物产量方面效果较好.     

南京市江北工业区降水酸性及化学成分分析

于2005年9月─2006年8月在南京市江北地区南京信息工程大学校园内采集降水样品共59个,测定pH和电导率,用离子色谱仪检测样品的阴、阳离子浓度.结果表明:pH为4.17～8.34,酸雨频率为49.2%,电导率为1.1～42.5 mS/m;阴离子为F-,Cl-,NO₂-和NO₃-,SO₄2-,阳离子为Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+和NH₄+;主要阴、阳离子分别为SO₄2-,NO₃-, NH₄+和Ca2+,并存在季节性变化.ρ(SO₄2-)/ρ(NO₃-)的年均值为4.21,表明酸雨仍为硫酸型.南京市工业区的大气污染物主要是燃煤过程中排放的SO₂等气体.      

Strength and workability of masonry mortars manufactured with ladle furnace slag

Ladle furnace basic slag (LFS) is a by-product of the steelmaking process. It has rarely been recovered in the past and is usually disposed of in landfill sites. Despite containing stable chemical substances of great quality, some of which are potentially hydraulic, its practical applications have been limited. This paper discusses the attractive option of using LFS in the manufacture of masonry mortars for use in the construction industry, which requires an analysis of the principal characteristics of such mortars, i.e. workability and mechanical strength. It reports on a comparative study, using standard commercial admixtures, between conventional masonry mortars and mortars manufactured with LFS as a partial replacement for sand and cement, the results of which imply considerable economic savings in sand and cement, improvements in the properties of the mortars and in overall sustainability, by avoiding disposal and conserving natural resources.     

Modeling the mobility of glyphosate from two contrasting agricultural soils in laboratory column experiments

The method of single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was modified in our laboratories for the characterization of baculoviruses, insect viruses with great potential for use as bioinsecticides in biological protection programs. A series of primers were synthesized after the comparison of the polyhedrin gene sequences of over 20 baculoviruses. Polyhedrin is a highly conserved protein which is responsible for the persistence of the virus in the environment. Universal primers were designed which could be used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) containing genomic DNA from an array of nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) including these which are used as biopesticides against important pests of forests and crops, such as Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Lymantria dispar, Lymantria monacha and many others. PCR products were denatured and subjected to single-strand DNA electrophoresis at variable temperatures (MSSCP) where, after silver staining, they gave ssDNA band patterns characteristic for each baculovirus species. This technique can be potentially applied to detect baculoviruses in insects collected in the field, as well as to plant tissues and the excrements or bodies of predators without need for sequencing the PCR products. Sometimes MSSCP can be used not only for species determination but also as an indication of genomic variability which can be related to infectivity.     

水体中常见无机阳离子对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

选择了6种水体中常见的阳离子(Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Al3+、Cu2+、Ni2+),分别考查了其对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响;从光吸收、无机离子本身的性质对光生电子的捕获及传递等讨论了上述离子影响TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应速率的原因。结果表明:由于其不能捕获光生电子,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+本身对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应速率影响不大;Al3+吸引电子能力较强,成为光生电子和Cr(Ⅵ)之间的桥梁,促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;浓度为1 mmmol/L时,Cu2+显著地促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原,其主要原因是Cu2+捕获光生电子的能力很强,起到了催化剂的作用,而浓度大于10 mmol/L时,Cu2+形成单质Cu以及对紫外光的吸收都使促进作用降低;Ni2+未充满的d轨道具有获得并传递光生电子的能力,也促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;在浓度同为1mmol/L时,对Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原的促进作用依次为:Cu2+Al3+Ni2+Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+。     

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅶ——盐基淋溶与缓冲机理

研究了模拟酸雨对我国南方主要土壤类型盐基离子淋溶的影响,结果表明,ＰＨ低于３．０或３．５时,盐基离子淋溶总量明显增加,但ＰＨ高于３．５时,则影响不明显。