从基础产业的观点探讨防洪对策

本文从水利是国民经济基础产业的角度阐述了防洪建设是具有战略意义的基础产业.文中提出了未来洪灾损失具有逐步加大的趋势与特点。针对我国防洪现状,提出在国民经济建设中,防洪建设必须超前发展,以及应采取的全面综合防洪对策。     

毛细管电泳间接紫外检测自来水中金属离子

介绍了毛细管电泳间接紫外检测技术,并对大连市自来水中Ca2 、 Na 和Mg2 质量浓度进行了测定,结果分别为(59.4±5.6) mg/L、 (21.0±0.1) mg/L和(18.6±0.7) mg/L,最低检测限依次为0.01 mg/L、0.04 mg/L和0.02 mg/L.实验条件为:石英毛细管柱50 μm(i.d.)×50 cm;运行电压16 kV( →-);紫外检测波长214 nm;缓冲液为pH=4.75的乙酸溶液,含有浓度为8.0 mmol/L的背景吸收物质咪唑;采用虹吸进样法,高度差为9.8 cm, 进样时间为10 s;应用内标法对Ca2 、Na 和Mg2 3种离子进行定性和定量测定.采用火焰原子吸收光谱法(AAS)测得Ca2 的质量浓度为54 mg/L,验证了毛细管电泳法实验结果的可靠性.     

Attenuation of metal species in acidic solutions using bentonite clay: implications for acid mine drainage remediation

A laboratory batch experimental study has been carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity of selected metal species in acid mine drainage (AMD) by bentonite clay. Bentonite clay was mixed with simulated AMD at specific solid–liquid (S/L) ratios and agitated in a reciprocating shaker and adsorption of selected toxic metals assessed over time. Cation exchange capacity varied from 1140 to 1290 meq kg^?1. Contact of AMD with bentonite leads to increase in pH and a possible reduction in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. At constant agitation time of 60 min, the pH increased with dosage of bentonite. Removal of Mn²⁺, Al ³⁺, and Fe³⁺ was observed to be greatest at 60 min of agitation. Bentonite clay exhibits high adsorption for Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ at concentration less than 300 mg L^?1, while the capacity for Mn²⁺ was observed to be lower. Adsorption capacity for SO₄^2? was low with a great percentage of the SO₄^2? remaining in solution. Adsorption capacity of bentonite with more complex formulated AMD and gold tailing leachates was low for Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, and Mn²⁺. This indicates that optimum adsorption of bentonite clay is dependent on the chemistry of the AMD and its application might be site specific.     

Distribution of metallic compounds between plants and soils∗

Distribution of metallic constituents between soil and aerial parts of wild plants has been discussed by using relative ionic impulsions, i/I, defined as functions of concentrations of metallics ions, being i = [M]^1/2M, z_M the oxidation state of considered metal and I = S i the summation of contribution of metals. For this calculation metals were divided into two groups leading to ^I macro (K, Na, Ca, Mg, and Mn, elements accumulated in aerial parts) and to I _Micro (Fe, Cu, Zn, Co and contaminants accumulated in roots). Relative ionic impulsions may be attributed to an electric potential gradient and show if an active or passive uptake is happening. For macroelements linear relationships were obtained for Mg‐K (global active uptake) and Na‐Mn‐Ca (global passive uptake) with inverse slopes. Passive ions seem to be used as counter ions for helping active assimilation. Calculated potential gradient was close to 20 mV. The same situation was found for microelements and pollutants, where Fe is taken passively helping assimilation of the rest (Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr) with a potential gradient close to 13 mV. Influences of other ecological segments (rainfall, dry deposition, airborne dust and irrigation), as well as additions for amending contaminated soils are finally discussed.     

On the basic reproduction number and the topological properties of the contact network: An epidemiological study in mainly locally connected cellular automata

We study the spreading of contagious diseases in a population of constant size using susceptible-infective-recovered (SIR) models described in terms of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and probabilistic cellular automata (PCA). In the PCA model, each individual (represented by a cell in the lattice) is mainly locally connected to others. We investigate how the topological properties of the random network representing contacts among individuals influence the transient behavior and the permanent regime of the epidemiological system described by ODE and PCA. Our main conclusions are: (1) the basic reproduction number (commonly called _R0$R_0$) related to a disease propagation in a population cannot be uniquely determined from some features of transient behavior of the infective group; (2) _R0$R_0$ cannot be associated to a unique combination of clustering coefficient and average shortest path length characterizing the contact network. We discuss how these results can embarrass the specification of control strategies for combating disease propagations.     

安全减灾业的基础性研究及量化模式──兼论安全减灾数学理论方法的体系建设

国家标准ＧＢ／Ｔ１３７４５－９２即《学科分类与代码》及国内外安全减灾的科学实践表明，安全减灾科学由学科群构成，具有综合性、整体性及学科相对独立性，其基础理论研究及建设至关重要。这门科学发展迟缓除了管理原因外，缺乏基础性研究和学科建设是主因之一。据此，重点论证加强安全减灾业基础性研奖的必要性，并从建立安全减灾量化模式及数学体系试作探讨。     

Impact of Harvest Intensity on Long-Term Base Cation Budgets in Swedish Forest Soils

The effects of harvesting on the long-term mass balances of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) were evaluated on a regional level in Sweden. A new high-resolution weathering database was used together with estimates of total deposition, losses through harvest and leaching. Estimates were made for pine and spruce separately and for two harvesting intensity scenarios: stem harvesting and whole-tree harvesting. The mass balance calculations showed net losses of Ca and Mg in almost the whole country for both scenarios. The losses were smaller for pine than for spruce. The K balances were mainly positive for pine but negative for spruce. Leaching was a main factor in the mass balances, especially for Ca and Mg. Whole-tree harvesting in spruce forests led to substantially higher net losses of K and Ca than stem harvesting, according to the calculations. In the whole-tree harvesting scenario in spruce forests the estimated yearly net losses of Ca, Mg and K corresponded to at least 5%, 8% and 3% of the pools of exchangeable base cations, respectively, at 25% of the analysed sites. If losses of this magnitude continue the depletion of the pools of Ca, Mg and K may lead to very low base saturation of the soils, possibly accompanied by negative effects on soil fertility, runoff water quality, tree vitality and tree growth within a forest rotation in parts of Sweden. Avoiding whole-tree harvesting can improve the situation substantially for K, but the losses of Ca and Mg will still be significant.     

黑臭河道中聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠固定微米沸石粉去除氨氮

采用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠对微米沸石粉进行固定,通过批次吸附实验探究水凝珠去除氨氮的效果及其机制.结果表明:PAZ-20的投加量超过10 g·L-1时,氨氮去除率达到了 80％之上.pH为3～8时,pH增加对PAZ吸附氨氮影响不大,当pH从9增至11时,氨氮去除率随pH的增大而显著减小,PAZ吸附氨氮的最佳pH为7.水温为5～25℃时,氨氮去除率随温度升高而逐渐上升,25～35℃内略有上升,水温升至401,氨氮去除率有所下降.准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温线模型能够更好地拟合PAZ吸附氨氮.PAZ-20对于水中阳离子的吸附能力为:K+＞Mg2+＞Na+＞Ca2+.共存阳离子对PAZ吸附氨氮的影响程度为:K+＞Na+＞Ca2+＞Mg2+.扫描电镜和傅里叶红外光谱分析显示微米沸石粉被良好地固定在聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠中.PAZ可用于黑臭河道的治理,且受共存阳离子的干扰较小.     

强化生物除磷系统中胞外聚合物的特性

胞外聚合物(EPS)在生物除磷过程中具有蓄磷能力,为进一步明确生物除磷系统中的EPS特性,以不具有明显除磷能力的全程好氧活性污泥系统(R1)的EPS作为对比,考察了具有良好除磷效果的厌氧/好氧交替下的强化生物除磷系统(R2)中EPS的理化特性.结果表明,相对于R1中的EPS主成分在一个周期内的不固定,R2中的蛋白质含量一直明显高于多糖含量;两者的主要荧光物质均为类蛋白质和类富里酸,但在好氧末期R2中类蛋白质的荧光强度高于R1; R1的EPS中Ca2+> Mg2+,而在R2中, Mg2+>Ca2+,同时R1中的Ca2+含量平均值为8.67mg/gMLSS,大于R2中Ca2+的平均值2.40mg/gMLSS;在好氧末期,R2中的TP为21.65mg/gMLSS,明显高于R1中的TP含量(13.83mg/g-MLSS).此外,R1和R2的zeta电位平均值分别为-36mV和-25mV.由此可见, EBPR系统中的EPS具有与全程好氧活性污泥中的EPS不同的特征.