燃煤电厂环境管理信息系统的开发研究

环境管理信息系统(EMIS)是在一个特定组织内,通过集成软件、硬件和专业服务来管理该组织的环境行为。燃煤电厂环境管理信息系统的开发对电力企业环境管理有重要意义。本文以燃煤电厂为研究对象,以Access为后台数据库,以Visual Basic 6.0为语言开发工具,开发研究了燃煤电厂环境管理信息系统(EMIS)软件。该软件有助于减少环境污染,提高管理水平。所开发的软件最终编译成可安装的应用软件包,能够脱离开发环境在Windows系统下独立运行。     

浅谈环境数字化行政处罚裁量基准制度的建立与应用

简述了数字化环境行政处罚裁量基准制度的意义和作用。提出建立数字化环境行政处罚裁量基准制度的基本要求,指出数字化环境行政处罚裁量基准制度应用中需注意的问题。     

大气扩散模式预测计算软件的开发

结合Microsoft Visual Basic(VB)语言的编程特点,探讨了大气环境影响评价计算机软件系统的理论基础、设计思想和应用程序编制的实现方法,编制了专门处理大气扩散模式浓度计算的应用程序,避免了大量繁杂的手工计算工作,使计算快速、准确,提高了环境影响评价工作的质量.     

计算机辅助设计在电子设备热设计中的应用

在产品研发阶段寻求最优化的解决方案,缩短产品研制周期、降低生产成本、确保产品质量是每一位设计者所面临的问题。通过对一个在研项目中发射机功放模块的散热进行设计,过程中引入一些软件来辅助设计,从而达到上述中的设计要求。     

Surface Water Seepage Effects on Shallow Ground‐Water Quality Along the Rio Grande in Northern New Mexico1

Abstract: Interactions between surface irrigation water, shallow ground water, and river water may have effects on water quality that are important for both drinking water supplies and the ecological function of rivers and floodplains. We investigated water quality in surface water and ground water, and how water quality is influenced by surface water inputs from an unlined irrigation system in the Alcalde Valley of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. From August 2005 to July 2006, we sampled ground water and surface water monthly and analyzed for concentrations of major cations and anions, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and water levels. Results indicate that irrigation ditch seepage caused an increase in ground water levels and that the Rio Grande is a gaining stream in this region. Temporal and spatial differences were found in ion concentrations in shallow ground water as it flowed from under the ditch toward the river. Ground‐water ion concentrations were higher when the ditch was not flowing compared with periods during peak irrigation season when the ditch was flowing. Ditch inputs diluted ion concentrations in shallow ground water at well positions near the ditch. Specifically, lower ion concentrations were detected in ground water at well positions located near the ditch and river compared with well positions located in the middle of an agricultural field. Results from this project showed that ditch inputs influenced ion concentrations and were associated with ground‐water recharge. In arid region river valleys, careful consideration should be given to management scenarios that change seepage from irrigation systems, because in some situations reduced seepage could negatively affect ground‐water recharge and water quality.     

Chemical characteristics of precipitation at metropolitan Newark in the US East Coast

To investigate the chemical characteristics of precipitation in the polluted coastal atmosphere, a total of 46 event-based precipitation samples were collected using a wet-only automatic precipitation collector from September 2006 to October 2007 at metropolitan Newark, New Jersey in the US East Coast. Samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for the concentrations of major inorganic ions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, F⁻, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and organic acid species (CH₃COO⁻, HCOO⁻, CH₂(COO)₂²⁻, C₂O₄²⁻). Selected trace metals (Sb, Pb, Al, V, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) in samples were determined by ICPMS. Mass concentration results show that SO₄²⁻ was the most dominant anion accounting for 51% of the total anions, controlling the acidity of the precipitation. NH₄⁺ accounted for 48.6% of the total cations, dominating the precipitation neutralization. CH₃COO⁻ and HCOO⁻ were the two dominant water-soluble organic acid species, accounting for 42% and 40% of the total organic acids analyzed, respectively. Al, Zn and Fe were the three major trace metals in precipitation, accounting for 34%, 27%, and 25% of the total mass of metals analyzed. The pH values in precipitation ranged from 4.4 to 4.9, indicating an acidic nature. Enrichment Factor (EF) Analysis showed that Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ in the precipitation were primarily of marine origin, while most of the Fe, Co and Al were from crust sources. Pb, V, Cr, Ni were moderately enriched with EFs ranging 43–410, while Zn, Sb, Cu, Cd and F⁻ were highly enriched with EFs > 700, indicating significant anthropogenic influences. Factor analysis suggests 6 major sources contributing to the observed composition of precipitation at this location: (1) nitrogen-enriched soil, (2) secondary pollution processes, (3) marine sources, (4) incinerations, (5) oil combustions, and (6) malonate–vanadium enriched sources. To further explore the source–precipitation event relationships and seasonality, cluster analysis was performed for all precipitation events. Results show that about half of the precipitation events were characterized by mixed sources. Significant influences of nitrogen-enriched soil and marine sources were associated with precipitation events in spring and autumn, while secondary pollution processes, incineration and oil combustion contributed greatly in summer.     

Study of sorption kinetics of some ionic liquids on different soil types

In the present contribution sorption kinetics experiments under static conditions were utilized in three selected ionic liquids cations (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides) study with five type of soil, differing in total organic carbon (TOC) content. The experimental results indicate the sorption capacity growth with increase in TOC content and hydrophobicity of ionic liquid cation. The obtained kinetic sorption parameters as well as distribution coefficients (K_d) were used to estimate the sorption properties of the soil types towards the ionic liquids in question. The Gibbs free energy values indicate that ionic liquid cations sorption on soils could be generally considered as a physical adsorption with exothermic effect. But the values of −dG for studied cations sorption on soil with very high of TOC content in soil (45%) may testify to nature of chemical adsorption. Sorption of the analyzed compounds occurs probably by means of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic and π  π interaction with the organic matter and the clay minerals of the soils.     

Adsorption of basic dyes onto MCM-41

The adsorption of two basic dyes, Basic Green 5 (BG5) and Basic Violet 10 (BV10), onto MCM-41 was studied to examine the possible effect of interactions between large adsorbates and MCM-41 on the pore structure stability of MCM-41 and the potential of MCM-41 for the removal of basic dyes from wastewater. The revolutions of surface characteristics and pore structure of MCM-41 induced by dyes adsorption were characterized based on the analyses of the nitrogen isotherms, the XRD patterns, and the FTIR spectra. It was experimentally concluded that when the effect of interactions between large dyes (such as BV10) and MCM-41 on the pore structure stability of MCM-41 was insignificant, MCM-41 might be a good adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from wastewater. The adsorption of BV10 on MCM-41 with respect to contact time, pH, and temperature was then measured to provide more information about the adsorption characteristics of MCM-41. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to describe the kinetic data, from which some adsorption thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated.     

Fuzzy risk assessment of oil and gas offshore wells

Risk evaluation of offshore wells is a challenging task, given that much of the available data is highly uncertain and vague, and many of the mechanisms are complex and difficult to understand. Consequently, a systematic approach is required to handle both quantitative and qualitative data as well as means to update existing information when new knowledge and data become available. Each Basic Risk Item (BRI) in a hierarchical framework is expressed as a fuzzy number, which is a combination of the likelihood of a failure event and the associated failure consequence. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to estimate weights required for grouping non-commensurate risk sources. Evidential Reasoning (ER) is employed to incorporate new data for updating existing risk estimates. It is envisaged that the proposed approach could serve as a basis for benchmarking acceptable risks in offshore wells.     

不同生物炭对酸性农田土壤性质和作物产量的动态影响

为研究不同原料生物炭对农田土壤酸度、交换性能、磷素养分以及作物产量的综合动态影响,试验设置空白（CK）、水稻秸秆生物炭（RSB）、玉米秸秆生物炭（MSB）、小麦秸秆生物炭（WSB）、稻壳生物炭（RHB）和竹炭（BCB）这6种处理,生物炭按质量分数0.1%施入农田进行长期定点试验,测定水稻、油菜和玉米这3季作物产量和作物收割后的土壤理化性质.结果表明,添加不同原料生物炭可有效提高土壤pH和交换性能,降低交换性酸含量,作用效果随时间下降.生物炭对盐基离子组成的影响为提高交换性K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量,降低Na⁺含量.生物炭能不同程度地增加土壤有机质（SOM）、速效磷、总磷和无机磷（Al-P和Fe-P）含量,作物产量较当季对照显著提高（P<0.05）,稻壳生物炭在改良酸性土壤理化性质和提高作物产量方面效果较好.