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91.
Engaging individuals in pro-environmental behaviours is critical to addressing today’s environmental challenges. This study examines how conditions – or an individual’s context – influence action. Through semi-structured narrative interviews and document analysis, we examined the influence of conditions in five individual cases involving attempted change in personal transportation behaviour. The cases, studied over the course of one year, are derived from participants in a sustainability institute, representing a range of attempted behaviours, and highlight numerous potential barriers to desired pro-environmental behaviours. We found that the degree of engagement with sustainable transportation primarily was influenced by the amount and intensity of supportive conditions relative to barriers. Participants who successfully engaged in their desired transportation-related pro-environmental behaviours experienced physical, social, and learning conditions that promoted competence and satisfaction. We discuss the implications for designing interventions that encourage pro-environmental behaviours. 相似文献
92.
Introduction: Despite 49 states and the District of Columbia having seat belt laws that permit either primary or secondary enforcement, nearly half of persons who die in passenger vehicle crashes in the United States are unbelted. Monitoring seat belt use is important for measuring the effectiveness of strategies to increase belt use. Objective: Document self-reported seat belt use by state seat belt enforcement type and compare 2016 self-reported belt use with observed use and use among passenger vehicle occupant (PVO) fatalities. Methods: We analyzed the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) self-reported seat belt use data during 2011–2016. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to compare the 2016 BRFSS state estimates with observed seat belt use from state-based surveys and with unrestrained PVO fatalities from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Results: During 2011–2016, national self-reported seat belt use ranged from 86–88%. In 2016, national self-reported use (87%) lagged observed use (90%) by 3 percentage points. By state, the 2016 self-reported use ranged from 64% in South Dakota to 93% in California, Hawaii, and Oregon. Seat belt use averaged 7 percentage points higher in primary enforcement states (89%) than in secondary states (82%). Self-reported state estimates were strongly positively correlated with state observational estimates (r = 0.80) and strongly negatively correlated with the proportion of unrestrained PVO fatalities (r = −0.77). Conclusion: National self-reported seat belt use remained essentially stable during 2011–2016 at around 87%, but large variations existed across states. Practical Applications: If seat belt use in secondary enforcement states matched use in primary enforcement states for 2016, an additional 3.98 million adults would have been belted. Renewed attention to increasing seat belt use will be needed to reduce motor-vehicle fatalities. Self-reported and observational seat belt data complement one another and can aid in designing targeted and multifaceted interventions. 相似文献
93.
94.
We analysed 2003 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA to produce estimates of the number of community dwelling people aged 65 years or older with a disability and requiring special equipment.(4) Approximately, 47,840 (31.6 per cent) older adults with a disability and 24,938 (16.6 per cent) older adults requiring the use of special equipment were community dwelling and might require assistance to evacuate or a shelter that could accommodate special equipment. Older adults who need special equipment were likely to be female, unmarried and white, and to rate their health as fair or poor. Personnel who plan and prepare for evacuations and temporary shelter during disasters need baseline information on the number of older adults with a disability or who require special equipment. A surveillance system, such as the BRFSS, gathers information that planners can use to prepare for and to deliver services. 相似文献
95.
David J. Schulz Zhi-Yong Huang Gene E. Robinson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(5):295-303
Three experiments were conducted to explore the effects of severe food shortage on the control of two important and interrelated
aspects of temporal division of labor in colonies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera): the size and age distribution of a colony's foraging force. The experiments were conducted with single-cohort colonies,
composed entirely of young bees, allowing us to quickly distinguish the development of new (precocious) foragers from increases
in activity of bees already competent to forage. In experiment 1, colony food shortage caused an acceleration of behavioral
development; a significantly greater proportion of bees from starved colonies than from fed colonies became precocious foragers,
and at significantly younger ages. Temporal aspects of this starvation effect were further explored in experiment 2 by feeding
colonies that we initially starved, and starving colonies that we initially fed. There was a significant decrease in the number
of new foragers in starved colonies that were fed, detected 1 day after feeding. There also was a significant increase in
the number of new foragers in fed colonies that were starved, but only after a 2-day lag. These results suggest that colony
nutritional status does affect long-term behavioral development, rather than only modulate the activity of bees already competent
to forage. In experiment 3, we uncoupled the nutritional status of a colony from that of the individual colony members. The
behavior of fed individuals in starved colonies was indistinguishable from that of bees in fed colonies, but significantly
different from that of bees in starved colonies, in terms of both the number and age distribution of foragers. These results
demonstrate that effects of starvation on temporal polyethism are not mediated by the most obvious possible worker-nest interaction:
a direct interaction with colony food stores. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting the importance of worker-worker
interactions in the regulation of temporal polyethism in honey bees as well as other social insects.
Received: 17 April 1997 / Accepted after revision: 26 December 1997 相似文献
96.
Investments in energy efficiency entail uncertainty, and when faced with uncertainty consumers have been shown to behave according to prospect theory: preferences are reference-dependent and exhibit loss aversion, and probabilities are subjectively weighted. Using data from a choice experiment eliciting prospect theory parameters, I provide evidence that loss-averse people are less likely to invest in energy efficiency. Then, I consider policy design under prospect theory when there are also externalities from energy use. A higher degree of loss aversion implies a higher subsidy to energy efficiency. Numerical simulations suggest that the impact of prospect theory on policy may be substantial. 相似文献
97.
This study examined the impact of career orientation on the static and dynamic relationships between job satisfaction and turnover intention. Longitudinal data of 255 employees were collected at three waves of measurement 1 year apart. Results for career orientations as a moderator differed between the static and dynamic job satisfaction–turnover links. The static relationship was found to be similar and less negative for employees with independent and loyalty‐focused career orientations than for promotion‐focused and disengaged employees. Regarding the dynamic relationship between job satisfaction change and turnover intention change, however, independent and loyalty‐focused employees differed: An increase (decline) in job satisfaction was more strongly related to a decline (increase) in turnover intention for independent employees than for loyalty‐focused employees. These findings provide new insights into the differential dynamics involved in assessing work situations and responding to them based on different career aspirations and interests. Consequences for research and practice regarding more effective human resource management are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
98.
We examined the effect that value orientation to forests and wildland fire management has on an individual’s decision to create
defensible space around his or her residence in the wildland–urban interface. Using data from a mail-back questionnaire, respondents
in north central Minnesota were clustered by basic value–laden beliefs toward forest and wildland fire management and compared
across a number of perceptions and behaviors related to creating defensible space around residences. Value orientation groups
differed in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control toward creating defensible space. In addition, relative
effects of these perceptions on intention to create defensible space differed across groups. Implications lie in (a) understanding
differences in motivations and reasons for support of strategies for managing fires near the wildland–urban interface, (b)
developing information designed to address the perspectives of different groups related to creating defensible space, and
(c) contributing to an improved integration of land management and public concerns and interests. 相似文献
99.
Amorim MJ Novais S Römbke J Soares AM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(1):112-116
Enchytraeids are ecologically relevant soil species and are commonly used in standardized toxicity tests. Their rapid reaction to a chemical exposure can be used as a toxicological measurement endpoint that assesses the avoidance behavior. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the effects of soil properties on the avoidance behavior of Enchytraeus albidus and to optimize the duration of avoidance test. The avoidance tests included (1) exposures in OECD artificial soil with standard or modified properties (pH, clay or peat content), and (2) exposures to copper chloride, cadmium chloride, and to the organic pesticides dimethoate and phenmedipham for different time periods. Results showed that alteration of OECD soil constituents significantly affected the avoidance behavior of enchytraeids, and that the 48-h exposure was the optimal duration of the test. Consideration of soil properties is important for selecting appropriate experimental design and interpreting the results of the enchytraeid avoidance test. 相似文献
100.
Household water use behavior: An integrated model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bradley Jorgensen Michelle Graymore Kevin O'Toole 《Journal of environmental management》2009,91(1):227-236
Water authorities are dealing with the challenge of ensuring that there is enough water to meet demand in the face of drought, population growth and predictions of reduced supply due to climate change. In order to develop effective household demand management programs, water managers need to understand the factors that influence household water use. Following an examination and re-analysis of current water consumption behavioral models we propose a new model for understanding household water consumption. We argue that trust plays a role in household water consumption, since people will not save water if they feel others are not minimizing their water use (inter-personal trust). Furthermore, people are less likely to save water if they do not trust the water authority (institutional trust). This paper proposes that to fully understand the factors involved in determining household water use the impact of trust on water consumption needs investigation. 相似文献