庵里水库湿地生态健康的生物学评价

近三、四十年来,庵里水库湿地受人类活动影响,健康状况退化严重,危及流域内社会经济的协调发展。通过背景资料收集、野外采样、实验室鉴定与分析,主要利用生物学指标数据的95th百分位标准化指标数据,用简单加和法计算综合指数,根据流域内生态健康等级评价庵里水库湿地生态健康状况。结果表明:(1)庵里水库湿地生态健康状况一般;(2)不同种类的底栖大型无脊椎动物对环境的适应能力、耐受力和敏感程度不同,底栖大型无脊椎动物的结构、种类、数量能够客观地反映栖息地健康;(3)利用样点数据百分位进行指数标准化和生态健康级别划分,能够体现评价标准的区域性特征;(4)限于条件,底栖大型无脊椎动物分类鉴定粗略,进一步降低底栖动物的分类单元是提高生态健康评价准确性的重要措施之一。研究结果可为庵里水库的生态研究、综合管理提供科学依据。     

IMPACTS OF URBAN LANDUSE ON MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Macroinvertebrates were used to assess the impact of urbanization on stream quality across a gradient of watershed imperviousness in 43 southeastern Wisconsin streams. The percentage of watershed connected imperviousness was chosen as the urbanization indicator to examine impact of urban land uses on macroinvertebrate communities. Most urban land uses were negatively correlated with the Shannon diversity index, percent of pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera individuals, and generic richness. Nonurban land uses were positively correlated with these same metrics. The Hilsenhoff biotic index indicated that stream quality declined with increased urbanization. Functional feeding group metrics varied across a gradient of urbanization, suggesting changes in stream quality. Proportions of collectors and gatherers increased, while proportions of filterers, scrapers, and shredders decreased with increased watershed imperviousness. This study demonstrated that urbanization severely degraded stream macroinvertebrate communities, hence stream quality. Good stream quality existed where imperviousness was less than 8 percent, but less favorable assessments were inevitable where imperviousness exceeded 12 to 20 percent. Levels of imperviousness between 8 and 12 percent represented a threshold where minor increases in urbanization were associated with sharp declines in stream quality.     

Low-maturity Kulthieth Formation Coal: A Possible Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Benthic Sediment of the Northern Gulf of Alaska

The successful application of forensic geology to contamination studies involving natural systems requires identification of appropriate endmembers and an understanding of the geologic setting and processes affecting the systems. Studies attempting to delineate the background, or natural, source for hydrocarbon contamination in Gulf of Alaska (GOA) benthic sediments have invoked a number of potential sources, including seep oils, source rocks, and coal. Oil seeps have subsequently been questioned as significant sources of hydrocarbons present in benthic sediments of the GOA in part because the pattern of relative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance characteristic of benthic GOA sediments is inconsistent with patterns typical of weathered seep oils. Likewise, native coal has been dismissed in part because ratios of labile hydrocarbons to total organic carbon (e.g. PAH: TOC) for Bering River coal field (BRCF) sources are too low--i.e. the coals are over mature--to be consistent with GOA sediments. We present evidence here that native coal may have been prematurely dismissed, because BRCF coals do not adequately represent the geochemical signatures of coals elsewhere in the Kulthieth Formation. Contrary to previous thought, Kulthieth Formation coals east of the BRCF have much higher PAH: TOC ratios, and the patterns of labile hydrocarbons in these low thermal maturity coals suggest a possible genetic relationship between Kulthieth Formation coals and nearby oil seeps on the Sullivan anticline. Analyses of low-maturity Kulthieth Formation coal indicate the low maturity coal is a significant source of PAH. Source apportionment models that neglect this source will underestimate the contribution of native coals to the regional background hydrocarbon signature.     

德兴铜矿废水对乐安江底栖动物群落的影响

对乐安江水系的底栖动物及其生活环境进行的研究表明，位于乐安江上游的德兴铜矿排出的大量酸性废水对主活在该水系中的底栖动物的分布及其群落结构会产生直接影响．废水中的各种污染物质，尤以重金属（特别是铜和铅、锌、镉）对底栖动物群落的抑制作用最大．在下游，随着同污染源距离的增加，河流的污染状况逐渐减轻，底栖动物种类多样性逐渐增加，清洁种类逐渐恢复．另外，河流水量的季节性变化对河流自身的净化作用会产生很大影响．     

秋季清水河大型底栖动物群落结构及其水质评价

2011年秋季对云南省清水河流域的15个样点进行了底栖动物调查。共采集到底栖动物33种,隶属于3门6纲。其中水生昆虫17种,寡毛纲4种,软体动物9种,其他动物3种。寡毛类、软体动物和水生昆虫优势类群分别为霍甫水丝蚓、环棱螺和蚋。底栖动物平均密度为31．2ind．／m2,生物量平均值为5．91g／m2。香农一威纳多样性指数为0．99-3．20。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数（BI）对清水河的水质进行评价。结果显示绝大多数河段水质清洁,但支流清平河出现轻微污染。     

Nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation in a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay; Australia): Implications for management

An approach combining nutrient budgets, dynamic modelling, and field observations of phytoplankton and nitrogen (N₂)-fixing Lyngbya majuscula following changes in wastewater N loads, was used to demonstrate that Moreton Bay is potentially phosphorus (P) limited. Modelling and nutrient budgeting shows that benthic N-fixation loads are high, allowing the system to overcome any potential N-limitation. Phytoplankton biomass has shown little change from 1991 to 2006 in the sections of Moreton Bay most impacted by wastewater effluents, despite a large reduction in wastewater N loads from 2000 to 2002. This is consistent with modelling that also showed no reduction in primary productivity associated with reduced N loads. Most importantly, there have been rapid increases in the occurrence of N-fixing L. majuscula in Moreton Bay as wastewater P loads have increased relative to wastewater N loads. This is also consistent with modelling. This work supports the premise that there may be fundamental differences in nutrient limitation of primary production between subtropical and temperate coastal systems due to differences in the importance of internal nitrogen sources and sinks (N-fixation and denitrification). These differences need to be recognised for optimum management of coastal systems.     

基于大型底栖动物多度量指数的河流多尺度评价

研究大型底栖动物群落特征并构建适当的环境生物指数是评估河流生态系统健康状况的重要途经. 2017年1月对漓江上中下游3个区域41个采样点的大型底栖动物和水体理化指标进行了监测调查,采用主成分分析、分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验等方法,分析大型底栖动物对流域主要环境压迫的响应关系,筛选出最适宜的生物参数构建多度量指数进行环境评估.主成分分析结果表明,影响漓江流域环境的主要因子为p H、电导率和浊度,结合底栖动物的PMA(百分比模式相似性指数)确定了7个环境相对较好的参照点和34个受损点;分布范围检验、敏感性检验和冗余检验表明,总分类单元数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、敏感类群数量百分比和刮食者分类单元数能够有效反映环境差异;采用比值法统一量纲后构建了MRMI(major reaches multi-metric index,MRMI),并采用四分法确定了评价标准,即MRMI 3. 02为健康,MRMI 2. 27～3. 02为良好,MRMI1. 51～2. 27为一般,MRMI0. 76～1. 51为差,MRMI≤0. 76为极差.通过构建的MRMI对漓江3个河段进行河流健康评价:上游14个采样点中有12个健康级别在良好以上;中游14个采样点中有8个健康级别在良好以上,有1个采样点的健康级别为差,健康状况较上游相比略有下降;下游13个采样点中仅有4个健康级别达到良好以上,在3个采样区域中健康状况最差.研究显示,在流域尺度上河流健康总体呈现从上游至下游逐渐变差状况,在河段尺度上同一河段内的健康评价结果存在较大差异.总体看来,大型底栖动物多度量指数在流域尺度与河段尺度均能较好地反映河流健康状况.     

Settlement seasonality and temporal changes in hard substrate macrozoobenthic communities of Lesina Lagoon (Apulia, Southern Adriatic Sea)

The macrofauna settling on experimental substrates was studied at two sites of the Lesina Lagoon to test its possible role in monitoring ecological variations in a brackish-water ecosystem. The community settlement was seasonally investigated on 3-month-old wooden poles; the development was monitored from 2001 to 2005. Comparisons with benthic assemblages settled on 10-yr-old poles were also performed. The main hydrological parameters were periodically measured during the study. A total of 38 species were collected. The assemblage reached the highest development in the central lagoon, showing relevant carbonate structures which supported a rich vagile fauna. Close to the sea-water inlet species richness and abundance values were lower, with the disappearance of some brackish-water species. A remarkable salinity drop during 2004 produced some faunistic changes in the assemblages, which however maintained different structures between the study sites, thus confirming macrozoobenthos as an efficient bioindicator of different environmental conditions for transition biotopes and a useful investigation tool in monitoring programmes.     

Mapping of the benthic communities in the Taranto seas using side-scan sonar and an underwater video camera

Side-scan sonar and underwater video camera records as well as dredging samples were used to map the bottom morphology and biocoenoses in the Taranto seas. A 1:20,000 scale chart has been produced with all the data recorded. Most of the study area consists of biocoenoses affected by the anthropogenic activities of the town of Taranto. Some native broadly tolerant species seem to benefit from these activities and become increasingly dominant. Environmental modifications also seem to favour the settlement of exotic species.