Multiple receptor ambient monitoring and firm compliance with environmental taxes under budget and target driven regulatory missions

We analyze the potential for an environmental monitoring agency under different regulatory missions to use multiple measures of ambient pollution levels to induce firm compliance via endogenously determined probabilistic firm-level inspections of polluting activities. Departing from previous analyses, we consider a framework where the regulator has multiple, rather than a single, measures of ambient pollution in a setting where many firms are subject to a self-reported emissions tax that is not perfectly enforceable. Under a budget-driven mission, we show that a regulator can fruitfully utilize the added information from multiple ambient monitoring receptors to induce improved environmental compliance through the creation of strategic interactions among firms. Additionally, our results provide new evidence on the relative efficiency of budget- vs. target-driven environmental enforcement missions.     

Optimal locations of monitoring stations in water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns: a flaw of demand coverage method and modification

A flaw of demand coverage method in solving optimal monitoring stations problem under multiple demand patterns was identified in this paper. In the demand coverage method, the demand coverage of each set of monitoring stations is calculated by accumulating their demand coverage under each demand pattern, and the impact of temporal distribution between different time periods or demand patterns is ignored. This could lead to miscalculation of the optimal locations of the monitoring stations. To overcome this flaw, this paper presents a Demand Coverage Index (DCI) based method. The optimization considers extended period unsteady hydraulics due to the change of nodal demands with time. The method is cast in a genetic algorithm framework for integration with Environmental Protection Agency Net (EPANET) and is demonstrated through example applications. Results show that the set of optimal locations of monitoring stations obtained using the DCI method can represent the water quality of water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns better than the one obtained using previous methods.     

基于频次分析法的污水处理厂在线监测预警技术研究

针对目前我国污染源监控数据缺乏深层次利用,监测数据对污染源不能有效预警的状况,以S市某污水处理厂为例,在全面分析2010年出水COD在线监测数据的变化规律的基础上,建立基于频次分析法的预警阈值确定方法,确定了污水处理厂排放不同警情的阈值范围.结果显示,污水处理厂全年出水浓度集中在40~60mg/L,16:00,20:00以及22:00排水COD较高,超标率大,应加强监控.污水厂正常、一般、不正常以及极不正常状态阈值范围分别可设为小于30%频次、20%频次、10%频次以及超过10%频次对应的浓度范围.对污水厂全年监测数据进行警情状态验证,结果显示全年正常、一般、不正常以及极不正常状态出现的比例分别为70.4%、9.9%、9.8%以及9.9%.     

软弱基底排土场变形破坏治理措施研究

针对软弱基底露天矿排土场普遍存在的变形破坏问题,结合胜利东二露天矿南排土场南帮边坡的工程实际,基于极限平衡理论,给出了通过探槽及滑坡变形反分析综合确定基底赋存条件及抗剪强度指标的方法;提出了对软弱基底排土场的变形治理措施;根据已有监测数据,对南帮边坡治理效果进行了评价。结果表明:在实施削坡减载措施后,各地表监测点的累计位移趋于平缓,边坡治理措施效果明显,解决了胜利东二露天矿迫切的安全问题,为同样具有软弱基底的其他露天矿排土场变形及破坏治理提供了指导。     

外部安防系统在海洋石油固定平台中的应用

为了弥补传统的海洋石油固定平台内部安防系统的不足,达到海洋石油固定平台全天候自动监测、自动报警、无人值守、主动防御、预防为主的目的,以便提早发现灾害或事故的苗头,提供及时报警,并采取适当的预防措施。根据主动防御、准确测报、防范未然和规避事故的原则方针,按区域警戒与要地防范相结合的方法,介绍了外部安防系统在海洋石油固定平台中的应用,包括六个子系统、工作流程、各个子系统在海洋石油固定平台中的应用以及特点和价值,从监控、应急、监管等多角度出发,实现了一体化的安全监控。     

气井完整性概念初探及评价指标研究

针对目前国内外尚无明确的气井完整性概念和生产气井完整性评价指标体系的现状,分析了现有的关于气井完整性解释的不足,初步提出了气井完整性的概念,强调了气井完整性是气井处于地层流体发生无控制流动的风险在可接受范围之内的状态。并根据此概念,从完整性管理、屏障设备、监测状态三个方面,建立了气井完整性评价指标体系,分析了各个评价指标与气井完整性的关系。屏障设备完整性是气井完整性的核心,完整性管理是提高气井完整性的关键,监测状态是气井完整性最直接的判断依据。     

复合动力灾害条件下孤岛工作面区段煤柱宽度留设研究

孤岛工作面覆岩空间结构复杂多变,受开采和地质等因素的影响在开采过程中面临冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出、自燃发火以及采空区突水等复合动力灾害。留设合理宽度的区段煤柱是确保工作面安全开采的关键,以陕西某矿特厚煤层孤岛工作面开采为工程案例,通过分析工作面覆岩空间结构,理论计算了工作面应力分布;采用应力动态监测等方法确定了该工作采空区侧向覆岩运动,并综合考虑冲击地压灾害防治、次生灾害控制以及巷道支护等因素,确定了该工作面区段煤柱的合理宽度为5~7 m。     

烟气脱硫设施运行及脱硫电价实时监控系统设计

由于缺乏有效监管手段,目前脱硫设施实际投运情况不理想。设计了一套B/S架构的烟气脱硫设施运行及脱硫电价实时监控系统,分为数据采集、数据通讯、数据处理及发布3个子系统。选择能全面反映脱硫设施运行状况的28个信号,采用"共享-分流"信号防伪采集技术进行采集,通过电力系统内载波电话拨号与无线GPRS两种通讯方式相互竞争、互为备用来实现可靠通讯,并经过软件防伪判别模块和统计运算后以WEB形式发布。数据以5m in的间隔实时刷新,且每小时更新脱硫投入率、脱硫电价款等报表数据。     

Deriving state-and-transition models from an image series of grassland pattern dynamics

We present how state-and-transition models (STMs) may be derived from image data, providing a graphical means of understanding how ecological dynamics are driven by complex interactions among ecosystem events. A temporal sequence of imagery of fine scale vegetation patterning was acquired from close range photogrammetry (CRP) of 1 m quadrats, in a long term monitoring project of Themeda triandra (Forsskal) grasslands in north western Australia. A principal components scaling of image metrics calculated on the imagery defined the state space of the STM, and thereby characterised the different patterns found in the imagery. Using the state space, we were able to relate key events (i.e. fire and rainfall) to both the image data and aboveground biomass, and identified distinct ecological ‘phases’ and ‘transitions’ of the system. The methodology objectively constructs a STM from imagery and, in principle, may be applied to any temporal sequence of imagery captured in any event-driven system. Our approach, by integrating image data, addresses the labour constraint limiting the extensive use of STMs in managing vegetation change in arid and semiarid rangelands.     

铁路长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统研究

基于服役期铁路长大隧道健康状况劣化影响因素分析,结合隧道衬砌结构特点和健康状况监测实际,采用智能传感、信息融合、故障诊断技术,构建集监测、诊断、评估于一体的长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统。研究系统的软硬件设施及其布设技术,建立长大隧道健康状况综合评估体系,给出健康诊断量化评估标准。以国内某铁路长大隧道为例,对其健康状况实施远程监测与诊断分析。结果表明,该条服役隧道健康问题的主要影响因素为隧道衬砌漏水、隧道衬砌裂缝、隧道衬砌变形、隧道衬砌剥落等病害,尤以隧道衬砌变形最为严重,健康等级为4级。