二段生化+物化法处理污水及中水回用的研究与设计

本文采用二段生物处理和物化处理相结合的处理方法处理某大学校区生活污水,实现处理效率高、占地面积小、工程投资低等特点,处理后各项指标均达到《生活杂用水水质标准》（CJ25．189）,处理费用为0．690元／m^3。     

活性污泥法处理低浓度含磷废水的试验研究

对比研究了厌氧—好氧交替条件下(AAA工艺)活性污泥对三组磷浓度不同的模拟生活废水的除磷效果。试验结果表明,活性污泥对磷浓度为6mg/L左右的废水处理效果最好,磷去除率可达97%;对磷浓度为16.66mg/L和2mg/L左右废水的磷去除率则分别为78.4%和75.3%;并探讨了活性污泥法的除磷机理。     

冲厕污水生物处理技术研究

主要研究了复合生物技术对冲厕污水有机污染物和NH4+-N的去除效果。结果表明,在进水COD和NH4+-N负荷分别为1.2~1.4 kg COD/(m3.d)和0.10~0.11 kg NH4+-N/(m3.d)时,出水COD和NH4+-N稳定维持在15 mg/L和5 mg/L,达到国家中水回用相关标准,满足了循环冲洗水水质要求,根本上实现了冲厕污水源头治理和资源化。     

光照对低浓度硫化氢气体生物法净化的影响

和种进行光照和避光的对比试验表明,光照能提高微生物对硫化氢废气的净化效率,最终产物为硫酸,净化效率和液相硫酸极的浓度随光照强度的增加而增加。避光时微生物对硫化氢废气的净化效率较低,但最终产物为单质硫。根据上述结果适宜的工艺流程应是首先将硫化氢废气通入避光的生物膜填料塔,把硫化氢转化为能回收的单质硫,然后再将废气通入光照的生物膜填料塔净化,进一步降低硫化氢废气的排放浓度。     

A multi-mutualist simulation: Applying biological market models to diverse mycorrhizal communities

We present a cellular automaton that simulates the interaction between a host tree and multiple potential mycorrhizal symbionts and generates testable hypotheses of how processes at the scale of individual root tips may explain mycorrhizal community composition. Existing theoretical biological market models imply that a single host is able to interact with and select from multiple symbionts to organize an optimal symbiont community. When evaluating the tree–symbiont interaction, two scales must be considered simultaneously: the scale of the entire host plant at which carbon utilization and nutrient demands operate, and the scale of the individual root tip, at which colonization and carbon-nutrient trade occurs. Three strategies that may be employed by the host tree for optimizing carbon use and nutrient acquisition through mycorrhizal symbiont communities are simulated: (1) carbon pool adjustment, in which the plant controls only the total amount of carbon to be distributed uniformly throughout the root system, (2) symbiont selection, wherein the plant opts either for or against the interaction at each fine root tip, and (3) selective carbon allocation, wherein the plant adjusts the amount of carbon allocated to each root tip based on the cost of nutrients. Strategies were tested over various nutrient availabilities (the amount of inorganically and organically bound nutrients). Success was defined on the basis of minimizing carbon expended for nutrient acquisition because this would allow more carbon to be utilized for growth and reproduction. In all cases, the symbiont selection and selective carbon allocation strategies were able to meet the nutritional requirements of the plant, but did not necessarily optimize carbon use. The carbon pool adjustment strategy is the only strategy that does not operate at the individual root tip scale, and the strategy was not successful when inorganic nutrients were scarce since there is no mechanism to exclude suboptimal symbionts. The combination of the symbiont selection strategy and the carbon pool adjustment resulted in optimal carbon use and nutrient acquisition under all environmental conditions but result in monospecific symbiont assemblages. On the other hand, the selective carbon allocation strategy is the only strategy that maintained successful, multi-symbiont communities. The simulations presented here thus imply clear hypotheses about the effect of nutrient availability on symbiont selection and mycorrhizal community richness and composition.     

Computer simulation applied to the biological control of the insect Aphis gossypii for the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes

In integrated pest management (IPM), biological control is one of the possible options for the prevention or remediation of an unacceptable pest activity or damage. The success of forecast models in IPM depends, among other factors, on the knowledge of temperature effect over pests and its natural enemies. In this work, we simulated the effects of parasitism of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson, 1880) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on Aphis gossypii (Glover, 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a pest that is associated to crops of great economic importance in several parts of the world. We made use of experimental data relative to the host and its parasitoid at different temperatures. Age structure was incorporated into the dynamics through the Penna model. The results obtained showed that simulation, as a forecast model, can be a useful tool for biological control programs.     

林丹的吸附解吸行为对其沉积物基准的影响

研究了林丹在3种沉积物上的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,在3种沉积物上的吸附等温线都符合Freundlich模型,其吸附性能受有机碳含量和颗粒分布的影响.而解吸等温线明显地偏离吸附等温线,存在显著的解吸滞后现象,解吸用二元平衡解吸(DED)模型进行拟合,效果良好.解吸不可逆程度随着沉积物中林丹初始浓度增大而增大.由DED模型推算的沉积物基准值比用线性模型推算的基准值高46倍以上.     

水质基准本土环节动物与水生昆虫受试生物筛选

作为水环境质量评价体系中重要的指示生物类别,水生环节动物和水生昆虫是水生生物基准研究中不可或缺的基准受试生物.参照美国水生生物基准技术指南, 选择我国广泛分布的10种本土环节动物和水生昆虫,搜集、筛选对各水生物种毒性最大的3种污染物,并进行水生生物敏感性分析. 在污染物毒性数据的物种敏感度分布中,若物种的累积概率小于30%则为较敏感,该物种可作为基准研究受试生物. 结果表明:不同生物对污染物敏感性存在差异,颤蚓对有机锡化合物、重金属,苏氏尾鳃蚓对重金属均较敏感;仙女虫、黄翅蜻、四节蜉、扁蜉对各类农药均较敏感;尾盘虫能够在一定程度上指示表面活性剂污染状况. 因此,环节动物颤蚓属、尾鳃蚓属、尾盘虫属、仙女虫属,水生昆虫黄翅蜻属、四节蜉属及扁蜉属均可作为水质基准研究中的受试生物.      

辽河浮游植物群落及生物多样性基准验证

为建立中国水环境生态学基准体系,并验证其合理性,于2011和2012年夏季,对辽河水系浮游植物群落结构特征进行了调查,并结合所收集到的资料,初步验证了辽河水系浮游植物生物多样性基准值的合理性.两次采样共检出6门169种及变种;细胞密度均值分别为4.91×106,7.04×106个/L,优势类群为硅藻和绿藻.共检出污染指示种59种,其中乙型中污指示种最多,为53种;检出优势种35种,主要为硅藻.综合各生物指标显示辽河水系夏季为富营养型中度污染水体.Shannon指数(H)在1.18~3.56之间,均未达到本文参考的基准值3.65,分析结果显示用于计算基准值所选取的参照点较为合适,通过分析辽河水系及我国其他一些河流的Shannon指数与水质状况,初步认为,该基准值偏高,建议辽河水系设定基准值的下限H=3.29.     

不同温度和pH下氨氮对河蚬和霍甫水丝蚓的急性毒性

水环境中氨氮毒性与pH、温度等环境因子密切相关. 采用半静态方法研究不同pH和温度下氨氮对河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)的急性毒性效应. 结果表明:pH对氨氮毒性影响显著,其中NH₃₊NH₄+对河蚬和霍甫水丝蚓的LC₅₀(半致死浓度)随pH的增加而下降,其变化范围为11.78~83.82 mg/L,并且这2种水生生物对NH₃₊NH₄+毒性的敏感性差异不大;当温度分别为20、25和30 ℃时,NH₃₊NH₄+对河蚬的LC₅₀分别为70.86、37.85和19.14 mg/L,对霍甫水丝蚓的LC₅₀分别为65.88、42.73和21.21 mg/L,20 ℃时NH₃₊NH₄+对河蚬及霍甫水丝蚓的LC₅₀分别是30 ℃时的3.70和3.11倍. 表明水体pH和温度越高,氨氮的毒性作用越强. 通过比较氨氮水生生物基准中的FAV(最终急性值)和试验生物的LC₅₀发现,我国现有的氨氮基准能够很好地保护本土水生物种河蚬和霍甫水丝蚓.