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981.
In integrated pest management (IPM), biological control is one of the possible options for the prevention or remediation of an unacceptable pest activity or damage. The success of forecast models in IPM depends, among other factors, on the knowledge of temperature effect over pests and its natural enemies. In this work, we simulated the effects of parasitism of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson, 1880) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on Aphis gossypii (Glover, 1877) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a pest that is associated to crops of great economic importance in several parts of the world. We made use of experimental data relative to the host and its parasitoid at different temperatures. Age structure was incorporated into the dynamics through the Penna model. The results obtained showed that simulation, as a forecast model, can be a useful tool for biological control programs. 相似文献
982.
983.
This article proposes an analytical framework for developing indicators of agriculture and rural community sustainability, including the symbiotic relationship between sustainable agriculture and rural well-being. Rural well-being offers a sustainable approach to healthy lifestyles that are based on a balance of many complex components including social, economic, and environmental issues. The United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) have taken positions on these issues. The United States Department of Agriculture is ‘committed to helping improve the economy and quality of life in rural America’ through loans and subsidies (USDA 2015). The USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program vision is to sustain ‘an enduring American agriculture of the highest quality that is profitable, protects the nation’s land and water and is a force, providing a healthy and rewarding way of life for farmers and ranchers whose quality products and operations sustain their communities and society’ (SARE 2016; Smart, Sandt and Chris Zdorovtsov 2016). UK government and non-government agencies have taken a more holistic approach to rural well-being in their efforts to achieve a more balanced social–economic–environmental state of rural well-being. The UK interpretation of Community Supported Agriculture is a tested example of this sustainable approach to fostering rural well-being (Saltmarsh et al. 2011). 相似文献
984.
本文采用二段生物处理和物化处理相结合的处理方法处理某大学校区生活污水,实现处理效率高、占地面积小、工程投资低等特点,处理后各项指标均达到《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ25.189),处理费用为0.690元/m^3。 相似文献
985.
986.
湖泊营养物参照状态建立方法研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
建立生态分区内各类型湖泊营养物的参照状态是营养物基准制定过程中最为核心的内容之一。在系统分析和评价国外确定湖泊营养物参照状态的若干种方法,包括参照湖泊法、湖泊群体分布法、三分法、回归分析等几种统计学方法以及模型推断和古湖沼学重建方法后,文章根据总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl-a)和塞氏透明度(Secci depth)等四项指标的历史监测数据,应用若干统计学方法建立了巢湖的营养物基准参照状态。通过互相之间的比较分析以及长江中下游湖区古湖沼学重建数据的验证,推荐采用湖泊群体分布法5%点位对应的值作为巢湖营养物基准的参照状态。因此,巢湖营养物参照状态阈值范围为总磷0.023~0.27mg·L^-1,总氮O.62~0.63mg·L^-1,叶绿素aO.65~0.67mg·m^-1,塞氏透明度0.65-0.72m。 相似文献
987.
目前我国水质量生态基准的研究较为零星、分散.研究了不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应,以期为我国水生态基准的科学制定以及基准的相关研究工作提供参考.选取小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻3种典型的藻种,在pH为7.0,8.0和9.0三个条件下,依据OECD-201藻类生长抑制实验指南,以72h藻生物量为测试终点,计算3种藻的比生长率,以及Cr6+对3种藻产生毒性效应的NOEC、LOEC、EC10和EC20值.结果表明,在本实验条件下,在不同pH条件下藻种生长不同,小球藻的最适pH值为7.0,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的最适pH值为9.0;在不同pH条件下,Cr6+对小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用不同,Cr6+对小球藻在pH=7.0时毒性最小,对斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻在pH=9.0时的毒性最小.在藻最适生长的pH条件下,Cr6+的毒性可以达到最小程度;铜绿微囊藻对Cr6+比斜生栅藻和小球藻更加敏感. 相似文献
988.
Sediments in the Port Jackson estuary are polluted by a wide range of toxicants and concentrations are among the highest reported
for any major harbor in the world. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), developed by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) in the United States are used to estimate possible adverse biological effects of sedimentary contaminants
in Port Jackson to benthic animals. The NOAA guidelines indicate that Pb, Zn, DDD, and DDE are the most likely contaminants
to cause adverse biological effects in Port Jackson. On an individual chemical basis, the detrimental effects due to these
toxicants may occur over extensive areas of the harbor, i.e., about 40%, 30%, 15% and 50%, respectively. The NOAA SQGs can
also be used to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity for contaminant mixtures by determining the number of contaminants
exceeding an upper guideline value (effects range medium, or ERM), which predicts probable adverse biological effects. The
exceedence approach is used in the current study to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity and to prioritize the harbour
in terms of possible adverse effects on sediment-dwelling animals. Approximately 1% of the harbor is mantled with sediment
containing more than ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM concentrations and, based on NOAA data, these sediments
have an 80% probability of being toxic. Sediment with six to ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM guidelines extend
over approximately 4% of the harbor and have a 57% probability of toxicity. These areas are located in the landward reaches
of embayments in the upper and central harbor in proximity to the most industrialised and urbanized part of the catchment.
Sediment in a further 17% of the harbor has between one and five exceedences and has a 32% probability of being toxic. The
application of SQGs developed by NOAA has not been tested outside North America, and the validity of using them in Port Jackson
has yet to be demonstrated. The screening approach adopted here is to use SQGs to identify contaminants of concern and to
determine areas of environmental risk. The practical application and management implications of the results of this investigation
are discussed. 相似文献
989.
Section 404 wetland mitigation and permit success criteria in Pennsylvania,USA, 1986-1999 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Twenty-three Section 404 permits in central Pennsylvania (covering a wetland age range of 1–14 years) were examined to determine
the type of mitigation wetland permitted, how the sites were built, and what success criteria were used for evaluation. Most
permits allowed for mitigation out-of-kind, either vegetatively or through hydrogeomorphic class. The mitigation process has
resulted in a shift from impacted wetlands dominated by woody species to less vegetated mitigation wetlands, a trend that
appears to be occurring nationwide. An estimate of the percent cover of emergent vegetation was the only success criterion
specified in the majority of permits. About 60% of the mitigation wetlands were judged as meeting their originally defined
success criteria, some after more than 10 years. The permit process appears to have resulted in a net gain of almost 0.05
ha of wetlands per mitigation project. However, due to the replacement of emergent, scrub–shrub, and forested wetlands with
open water ponds or uplands, mitigation practices probably led to a net loss of vegetated wetlands. 相似文献
990.
AB—A/O组合工艺生物脱氮的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用AB—A/O相结合的组合工艺,对城市生活污水和部分工业废水混合的污水进行实验室处理试验研究,其污水中的COD、BOD_5去除率>90%,TN去除率60%—80%,NH_3-N去除率>90%。试验结果表明,采取这一组合处理工艺,具有良好的生物脱氮能力。通过试验研究,在提出处理工艺参数的同时,还较深入地讨论了泥龄、硝化时间和反硝化时间、污泥产量、回流比、硝化速率和反硝化速率、C/N比、A段和B段的合理配合、碳和氮的转移等问题。 相似文献