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41.
The guild concept applied to management of bird populations 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Jared Verner 《Environmental management》1984,8(1):1-13
Alternative ways to apply the guild concept to wildlife management are evaluated here. I reject the idea that indicator species can be selected for each bird guild to reduce costs of environmental assessment and monitoring. Promise is seen, however, in the option of using whole guilds to indicate the capability of habitat zones to support populations of wildlife species. It may be adequate for most management purposes to delineate guilds only for species that use an environment for breeding, because transients and winter residents probably use the same zones of the habitat in the same ways. Potential guilds are identified by cells of a two-dimensional matrix, the axes identifying primary feeding and nesting zones. Some questions may be answered with guilds as delineated by all cells in the matrix. Alternatively, larger guilds can be formed by grouping all species in each column or row of the matrix to identify, for example, all species that depend on tree canopies for foraging, or tree boles for nesting. One can also consider separately the resident breeders, migrant breeders, and winter residents to obtain insights into whether observed changes in numbers of birds in a guild are a result of conditions locally or elsewhere. I conclude that the guild concept probably has a place in wildlife management, but much testing must be done before it is widely applied. 相似文献
42.
David F. Bradford Lynda A. Smith Deborah S. Drezner J. David Shoemaker 《Environmental management》1991,15(6):785-795
In much of the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA, inadequate drainage of applied irrigation water and accumulating salts
in the soil have necessitated the installation of subsurface tile drainage systems to preserve crop productivity. At present,
these subsurface drainage waters are disposed of by means of evaporation ponds or discharges into the San Joaquin River. Unfortunately,
most of these agricultural drainage waters contain high concentrations of salts and naturally occurring trace elements, such
as selenium, and recent evidence indicates that substantial numbers of waterbirds are exposed to contamination by selenium
in the evaporation ponds. In order to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse impacts on wildlife using the ponds, alternative
pond management methods must be identified and evaluated for implementation. A number of methods have the potential to be
cost-effective in significantly reducing the contamination hazard to birds using agricultural evaporation ponds. Twenty general
methods were evaluated in this study, and four methods are recommended for implementation: remove levee vegetation, remove
windbreaks, deepen the ponds, and haze birds. A number of other methods are recommended for further consideration because
they appear to have good prospects for reducing the contamination hazard: steepen interior levee slopes, apply herbicides
and insecticides, place netting on pond shorelines, and provide freshwater habitat adjacent to evaporation ponds. It may be
necessary to use a combination of methods to effectively control selenium contamination of aquatic birds because it is unlikely
that a single affordable pond management method will be able to entirely eliminate the contamination hazard. 相似文献
43.
Ecological effects, transport, and fate of mercury: a general review 总被引:42,自引:0,他引:42
Boening DW 《Chemosphere》2000,40(12):26-1351
Mercury at low concentrations represents a major hazard to microorganisms. Inorganic mercury has been reported to produce harmful effects at 5 μg/l in a culture medium. Organomercury compounds can exert the same effect at concentrations 10 times lower than this. The organic forms of mercury are generally more toxic to aquatic organisms and birds than the inorganic forms. Aquatic plants are affected by mercury in water at concentrations of 1 mg/l for inorganic mercury and at much lower concentrations of organic mercury. Aquatic invertebrates widely vary in their susceptibility to mercury. In general, organisms in the larval stage are most sensitive. Methyl mercury in fish is caused by bacterial methylation of inorganic mercury, either in the environment or in bacteria associated with fish gills or gut. In aquatic matrices, mercury toxicity is affected by temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and water hardness. A wide variety of physiological, reproductive and biochemical abnormalities have been reported in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of mercury. Birds fed inorganic mercury show a reduction in food intake and consequent poor growth. Other (more subtle) effects in avian receptors have been reported (i.e., increased enzyme production, decreased cardiovascular function, blood parameter changes, immune response, kidney function and structure, and behavioral changes). The form of retained mercury in birds is more variable and depends on species, target organ and geographical site. With few exceptions, terrestrial plants (woody plants in particular) are generally insensitive to the harmful effects of mercury compounds. 相似文献
44.
Karel Essink 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(1):69-80
Dredging and dumping of dredged sediments in estuarine and coastal waters may lead to increased turbidity and enhanced sediment
deposition at dump sites. This mainly affects primary production by phytoplankton, performance of visual predators (e.g. fish,
birds), and growth and survival of benthic organisms. This paper combines a compilation of literature information and results
of additional experimental studies on the effect of enhanced concentrations of suspended matter (SPM) on growth of bivalve
molluscs, and on survival of macro- and meiozoobenthos after dumping of dredged sediments. Furthermore, it focuses on non-toxic
dredged sediments only.
Release of nutrients from dredged sediments did, so far, hardly influence estuarine phytoplankton production. Increased turbidity
may affect dab as well as prey location by sandwich terns. Enhanced SPM-concentrations are unfavourable for young herring
and smelt. Growth of filter-feeding bivalves may be impaired, especially at SPM-concentrations >250 mg/l. Estuarine nematodes
can survive burial by 10 cm of dumped dredged sediment provided that its physical characteristics are similar to those of
the original sediment. Sessile benthos organisms such as mussels and oysters can cope with sediment deposition of only 1–2
cm. Other macrozoobenthos can survive sediment deposition of 20–30 cm. Recovery of benthos at a dump site will occur if the
interval between successive dumpings is sufficiently long.
Options for management of dumping of dredged sediments are described, relating to different locations of dump sites in estuarine
and coastal waters, to different seasons, and to the actual use (area and frequency) of dump sites. 相似文献
45.
Wind power generation is likely to constitute one of the most extensive human physical exploitation activities of European marine areas in the near future. The many millions of migrating birds that pass these man-made obstacles are protected by international obligations and the subject of public concerns. Yet some bird species are more sensitive to bird–wind turbine mortality than others. This study developed a simple and logical framework for ranking bird species with regard to their relative sensitivity to bird–wind turbine-collisions, and applied it to a data set comprising 38 avian migrant species at the Nysted offshore wind farm in Denmark. Two indicators were selected to characterize the sensitivity of each individual species: 1) relative abundance and 2) demographic sensitivity (elasticity of population growth rate to changes in adult survival). In the case-study from the Nysted offshore wind farm, birds of prey and waterbirds dominated the group of high priority species and only passerines showed a low risk of being impacted by the wind farm. Even where passerines might be present in very high numbers, they often represent insignificant segments of huge reference populations that, from a demographic point of view, are relatively insensitive to wind farm-related adult mortality. It will always be important to focus attention and direct the resources towards the most sensitive species to ensure cost-effective environmental assessments in the future, and in general, this novel index seems capable of identifying the species that are at high risk of being adversely affected by wind farms. 相似文献
46.
Sperm competition and sexual selection: a meta-analysis of paternity studies of birds 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Sperm competition (the competition among the sperm of different males for fertilization of the eggs of a female) has been
suggested to be an important component of sexual selection, but no general assessment has been made of this proposition. We
used a meta-analytic approach to assess the extensive literature on paternity (the proportion of offspring in a focal nest
sired by an attending male) in birds based on allozyme and molecular techniques. The relative variance in male mating success
was on average increased by a factor of 4.6 over the variance in apparent male success. Males with more extravagant secondary
sexual characters had higher paternity in their own nests than less adorned males. There was a weak effect of male age being
positively associated with paternity in own nests. Male body size measured as the length of wing and tarsus was weakly positively
associated with paternity in own nests. Male survival prospect was positively associated with paternity in own nests. Polygynous
males generally had decreased paternity of their broods compared to monogamous males. Paternity of the resident male decreased
with increasing population density and breeding asynchrony. The intensity of paternity guards such as within-pair copulation
rate and mate guarding were not significantly related to extra-pair paternity. Sperm competition was thus an important component
of sexual selection by increasing the variance in male mating success, and by being associated with the expression of secondary
sexual characters, in particular in dense and asynchronously breeding populations of birds.
Received: 12 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 31 May 1998 相似文献
47.
Silvia Espín Jovan Andevski Guy Duke Igor Eulaers Pilar Gmez-Ramírez Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson Bjrn Helander Dorte Herzke Veerle L. B. Jaspers Oliver Krone Rui Loureno Pedro María-Mojica Emma Martínez-Lpez Rafael Mateo Paola Movalli Pablo Snchez-Virosta Richard F. Shore Christian Sonne Nico W. van den Brink Bert van Hattum Al Vrezec Chris Wernham Antonio J. García-Fernndez 《Ambio》2021,50(1):95
Birds of prey, owls and falcons are widely used as sentinel species in raptor biomonitoring programmes. A major current challenge is to facilitate large-scale biomonitoring by coordinating contaminant monitoring activities and by building capacity across countries. This requires sharing, dissemination and adoption of best practices addressed by the Networking Programme Research and Monitoring for and with Raptors in Europe (EURAPMON) and now being advanced by the ongoing international COST Action European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility. The present perspective introduces a schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors. We provide guidance on sample collection with a view to increasing sampling capacity across countries, ensuring appropriate quality of samples and facilitating harmonization of procedures to maximize the reliability, comparability and interoperability of data. The here presented protocol can be used by professionals and volunteers as a standard guide to ensure harmonised sampling methods for contaminant monitoring in raptors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01341-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
48.
艾比湖位于我国西部边陲,北纬44°51′—45°09′,东经82°35′—83°12′。该湖及其湖滨地区分布有鱼类14种,两栖类2种,爬行类5种,鸟类133种,兽类36种,是近百万候鸟的迁栖停息地和繁殖地。湖东南部湿地有种数繁多的珍稀水禽如疣鼻天鹅、大天鹅、灰鹤、大白鹭、琵嘴鹭,白鹤等繁殖,但因人类经济活动逐渐扩大,鸟类数量越来越少,加之该地区在生态环境保护中有重要作用,应尽快在该地建立湿地型自然保扩区加以保扩。规划绝对保扩区湿地面积185平方公里,湖面1200平方公里,相对保扩区共3839平方公里。 相似文献
49.
Use of avian and mammalian guilds as indicators of cumulative impacts in riparian-wetland areas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A new method of assessing cumulative effects of human activities on bird and mammal communities of riparian-wetland areas
was developed by using response guilds to reflect how species theoretically respond to habitat disturbance on a landscape
level. All bird and mammal species of Pennsylvania were assigned values for each response guild using documented information
for each species, to reflect their sensitivity to disturbances; high guild scores corresponded to low tolerance toward habitat
disturbance. We hypothesized that, given limited time and resources, determining how wildife communities change in response
to environmental impacts can be done more efficiently with a response-guild approach than a single-species approach. To test
the model, censuses of birds and mammals were conducted along wetland and riparian areas of a protected and a disturbed watershed
in central Pennsylvania. The percent of bird species with high response-guild scores (i.e., species that had specific habitat
requirements and/or were neotropical migrants) remained relatively stable through the protected watershed. As intensity of
habitat alteration increased through the disturbed watershed, percentage of bird species with high response-guild scores decreased.
Only 2%–3% of the neotropical migrants that had specific habitat requirements were breeding residents in disturbed habitats
as compared to 17%–20% in reference areas. Species in the edge and exotic guild classifications (low guild scores) were found
in greater percentages in the disturbed watershed. Composition of mammalian guilds showed no consistent pattern associated
with habitat disturbance. Avian response guilds reflected habitat disturbance more predictively than mammalian response guilds. 相似文献
50.
Reproduction in birds requires the input of time and energy during discrete breeding phases leading to investment trade-offs
between laying date, clutch size, body mass, and incubation constancy. We investigated costs during incubation by experimentally
enlarging 25 clutches of white-tailed ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus. The experiment was conducted in 2 years, one with harsh weather that forced a natural delay in reproduction. When forced
to delay egg-laying, females began incubation with poorer body condition and foraged more during incubation. Rates of mass
loss during incubation were not affected by clutch enlargement, and did not differ between harsh and benign years; however,
females that were heavier at the start of incubation lost more mass than lighter females. Clutch-enlarged females had reduced
nest attendance compared to control birds in both years and incubation periods increased by up to 2 days relative to controls.
In the harsh year, there was a trend for clutch-enlarged females to have lower nest success, but there was no effect on overwinter
survival. Different behavioral responses by females in the 2 years showed that incubation costs may depend on other factors
such as female quality, food supply, or weather conditions. Incubation is a dynamic period during which birds may adjust energy
balances by varying body condition and food intake.
Received: 28 March 2000 / Received in revised form: 18 August 2000 / Accepted: 2 July 2000 相似文献