膜生物反应器好氧反硝化菌的筛选及鉴定

从某膜生物反应器(MBR)污泥中筛选出反硝化活性较高的好氧反硝化细菌,进行了反硝化活性检测、菌种鉴定和作用机制探索。结果表明,共分离出6株好氧反硝化细菌,在较低的菌浓度(1×105个/mL)、DO为4.2~5.5mg/L的条件下启动脱氮反应,菌株F2、F4、F5在24、48h的总氮去除率分别超过40.29%、67.19%,硝酸盐氮去除率分别在64.21%、83.31%以上;经16SrDNA序列测序和比对,菌株F2、F4、F5分别与苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrumsp.)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、布鲁菌属(Brucellasp.)的同源性最高;PCR扩增结果表明,菌株F2、F4、F5中均具有周质硝酸盐还原酶,这几种细菌很可能通过这种酶来实现好氧反硝化。     

应用A/O MBBR-MBR对PU合成革生化出水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果

对预先经过生化工艺处理过的PU合成革废水,进行了组分全分析,发现其总氮的主要存在形式为硝酸盐氮,其浓度高达285 mg/L的浓度水平.采用A/O-MBBR-MBR组合工艺对PU合成革废水生化出水进行了处理.结果证明,其对硝酸盐氮氨氮和COD的平均去除率为55.2％、51.0％和91.2％,具有较好的脱氮能力,是一种PU合成革废水的合适组合工艺.     

某污水厂A~2O和倒置A~2O工艺脱氮除磷性能分析

针对昆明市某污水处理厂A2O和倒置A2O工艺二级出水NO3-N和TP较高的问题,利用沿程分析和批式实验相结合的方法,对2套工艺进出水水量水质和沿程污染物转化进行分析,探究2套系统出水NO3-N和TP较高的原因。结果表明,污水厂进水水量变化不大进水污染物波动较大;A2O和倒置A2O工艺对有机物和NH3-N的去除效果较好,对有机物去除率分别达到90%和89.4%,对NH3-N的去除率分别为99.3%和98.6%。A2O缺氧池内碳源不足导致反硝化反应受到限制,倒置A2O优先利用进水中的碳源反硝化效果高于A2O,但其受到回流溶解氧(DO)的影响较大。2套系统平均污泥龄(SRT)长达27.6 d,不利于驯化聚磷菌,因而在系统中几乎没有强化生物除磷。通过实际运行分析,SRT小于17 d时出水氮磷相对较好。     

A/O—Fenton氧化—混凝组合工艺处理丁苯橡胶生产废水

采用A/O—Fenton氧化—混凝组合工艺处理丁苯橡胶生产废水。试验结果表明:A/O工段中,在兼氧池HRT 8 h、好氧池HRT 16 h、好氧池MLSS 2 500~3 500 mg/L的优化参数下,平均COD,NH3-N,TP去除率分别为72.9%,96.2%,51.3%;Fenton氧化工段中,在30%(w)H2O2溶液加入量0.2%(φ)、n(H2O2)∶n(Fe SO4)=2∶1、Fenton氧化反应时间70 min、Fenton氧化进水p H 5.0的优化条件下,COD和TP的去除率分别为56.0%和57.0%;A/O—Fenton氧化—混凝组合工艺对COD、NH3-N、TP、浊度的总去除率分别为94.8%,96.2%,100%,94.0%,处理后出水满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。     

基于C5.0决策树和时序HJ-1A/B CCD数据的神农架林区植被分类

我国神农架林区海拔高、气候复杂,森林类型多样,结构破碎,森林遥感分类难度较大。将2013年时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD遥感影像作为数据源,计算出植被指数(NDVI、DVI、RVI)和主成分第一分量(PC1),使用DEM数据生成地形因子(高程、坡度、坡向),构建植被分类时序因子集。运用C5.0决策树分类法将神农架林区植被细分为七类:针叶林;针阔混交林;落叶阔叶林;常绿和落叶阔叶混交林;常绿阔叶林;灌丛和草甸。结果表明:该方法的总体精度为72.7%,Kappa系数为0.67;在6~8月,针叶林、草甸和灌丛的植被指数明显低于常绿阔叶林、常绿和落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林,对分类的贡献较大,称为植被分类的"窗口期"。PC1、NDVI和高程因子对神农架林地的区分度较高,而坡度、坡向和RVI因子对分类帮助不大。作为一种智能分类方法,C5.0决策树分类方法应用于30m分辨率的时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD数据,能够将地貌复杂的神农架林区植被分为七类,提高了类别精度,具有更高的应用价值。     

水解酸化+A/O工艺对石化废水不同分子量有机物去除效果评价

对某典型石化企业综合污水处理厂"水解酸化+A/O"处理工艺各单元出水不同分子量区间的有机物含量及光谱特性进行了表征。研究表明,石化企业综合污水处理厂各处理单元出水DOC以分子量1 kDa的有机物为主;处理工艺对废水COD、DOC和UV254的总去除率分别为84.58%、86.22%和72.92%,分子量1 kDa、3~5 kDa、10~30 kDa、30~100 kDa的DOC去除率达90%左右,分子量5~10 kDa和100 kDa的DOC增加了28.57%和43.90%;分子量1 kDa的UV254的去除率为76.27%;水解酸化池对分子量30~100 kDa的有机物去除率达90.87%,缺氧段对分子量1~3 kDa的DOC去除率达92.86%,缺氧出水分子量3~10 kDa和30~100 kDa的DOC浓度较水解酸化出水有较大增加,好氧段对缺氧段出水中分子量30~100 kDa、5~10 kDa和3~5 kDa的有机物有很好的去除作用,去除率分别为80.85%、43.46%和72.32%,而分子量1~3 kDa的DOC浓度有所增加。各出水在260~270 nm有紫外吸收峰。各分子量区间DOC的SUVA值随处理工艺沿程增大,废水有机物芳香度提高,UV253/UV203呈减小趋势。     

Biotransformation of Metamitron by Human P450 Expressed in Transgenic Tobacco Cell Cultures

In the present investigation, the oxidative metabolism of ¹⁴C-labeled metamitron was examined in plant cell cultures of tobacco overexpressing human P450 enzymes CYP1A1 or CYP1A2; special interest was in the aromatic hydroxylation of the herbicide. The oxidative metabolites deaminometamitron (DAM) and 4-hydroxydeaminometamitron (4-HDAM) were found in the untransformed control culture as well as in the transgenic culture. The transgenic cultures, however, exhibited higher turnover rates after 48 h of incubation with 20 μg ¹⁴C-metamitron per assay (untransformed: 40%, CYP1A1: 80%, CYP1A2: 100%). Primary metabolite 4-HDAM was partially found in glucosylated form in the transgenic cultures. As minor oxidative metabolites, 6-hydroxyphenyl-3-methoxymethyl-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one and 3-hydroxymethyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one were identified in the transgenic cultures by GC-MS, LC-MS. Additionally, it could be demonstrated that both foreign enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2) also catalyzed the deamination of metamitron. In a large-scale study (up to 400 μ g per assay) with the transgenic culture expressing CYP1A2, the high efficiency of this P450 system toward metamitron was demonstrated: turnover of the xenobiotic was almost complete with 400 μ g. Since large portions of unglucosylated 4-H-DAM were found, the activity of foreign CYP1A2 apparently exceeded that of endogenous O-glucosyltransferases of the tobacco cell culture. We concluded that in comparison to the nontransformed cell culture, the extent of metabolism was considerably higher in the transgenic cultures. The transgenic cell cultures expressing human CYP1A1 or CYP1A2 are thus suitable tools for the production of large quantities of primary oxidized metabolites of metamitron.     

Effect of additives in the Neem formulations on deposition,volatilization and persistence of Azadirachtin in spruce foliage

Abstract

Foliar deposits, volatilization and persistence of azadirachtin‐A (AZ‐A) were investigated after application of four spray mixes prepared from a wettable powder (WP) and three emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of neem. They were applied at the dosage rate of 50 g AI in 4 L/ha onto potted spruce seedlings in a laboratory spray chamber. Droplet‐size spectra and deposits were assessed using Kromekote^® card/glass plate collection units. Foliar residues [dislodgeable residues (DR), penetrated residues (PR) and total residues (TR)] of AZ‐A and their volatilization were measured by HPLC at different intervals of time up to 60 h after treatment. Differences in the droplet‐size spectra and deposit levels were observed among the four spray mixes due to the influence of additives present in them. Dissipation half‐lives (DT₅₀) of the DR, PR and TR in the foliage were low (range, 19.5 to 38.9 h) and varied according to the residue type and the spray mix used. The DT₅₀ values of the DR were consistently lower (range, 19.5 to 31.9 h) than those of the PR (range, 30.5 to 38.9 h) due to preferential loss of the surface residues. The low DT₅₀ values observed for the DR and TR in the foliage sprayed with the WP spray mix were attributed to the particulate nature of the deposit. AZ‐A volatilized appreciably from the DR rather than from the PR. The variations found in the amounts of AZ‐A volatilized (42 to 58%) and unaccountable (38 to 46%) from the initial TR values in spruce foliage, after 60 h, were attributed to the physical form of the deposits on the target surface and the influences of additives present in the different spray mixes.     

Oxidation of bisphenol F (BPF) by manganese dioxide

Bisphenol F (BPF), an environmental estrogen, is used as a monomer in plastic industry and its environmental fate and decontamination are emerging concern. This study focused on the kinetics, influencing factors and pathways of its oxidation by MnO₂. At pH 5.5, about 90% of BPF was oxidized in 20 min in a solution containing 100 μM MnO₂ and 4.4 μM BPF. The reaction was pH-dependent, following an order of pH 4.5 > pH 5.5 > pH 8.6 > pH 7.5 > pH 6.5 > pH 9.6. Humic acids inhibited the reaction at low (≤pH 5.5) and high pH (≥pH 8.6) at high concentrations. In addition, metal ions and anions also suppressed the reaction, following the order Mn²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ and HPO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ ≈ SO₄²⁻, respectively. A total of 5 products were identified, from which a tentative pathway was proposed.