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81.
通过梳理与总结各类具有空间性质的规划中提及的管控空间类型,分析了各类空间性规划在制度与实践中存在的问题,对空间规划的重点内容即生产空间、生态空间、生活空间以及保护边界和开发边界的对象进行了初步划分,并且对"三个空间"和"两个边界"的特征进行了初步归纳。 相似文献
82.
83.
Implementing Participatory Decision Making in Forest Planning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ananda J 《Environmental management》2007,39(4):534-544
Forest policy decisions are often a source of debate, conflict, and tension in many countries. The debate over forest land-use
decisions often hinges on disagreements about societal values related to forest resource use. Disagreements on social value
positions are fought out repeatedly at local, regional, national, and international levels at an enormous social cost. Forest
policy problems have some inherent characteristics that make them more difficult to deal with. On the one hand, forest policy
decisions involve uncertainty, long time scales, and complex natural systems and processes. On the other hand, such decisions
encompass social, political, and cultural systems that are evolving in response to forces such as globalization. Until recently,
forest policy was heavily influenced by the scientific community and various economic models of optimal resource use. However,
growing environmental awareness and acceptance of participatory democracy models in policy formulation have forced the public
authorities to introduce new participatory mechanisms to manage forest resources. Most often, the efforts to include the public
in policy formulation can be described using the lower rungs of Arnstein’s public participation typology. This paper presents
an approach that incorporates stakeholder preferences into forest land-use policy using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
An illustrative case of regional forest-policy formulation in Australia is used to demonstrate the approach. It is contended
that applying the AHP in the policy process could considerably enhance the transparency of participatory process and public
acceptance of policy decisions. 相似文献
84.
国家标准(GB12349—90)规定的扣除背景噪声值是一种理想化的状态,在实际监测中常常会遇到背景噪声不能满足测量要求,这使背景噪声的测量结果及修正产生失准,本文分析了这些问题并提出了相应的解决办法。 相似文献
85.
Harry I. Nightingale William C. Bianchi 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(5):1394-1407
ABSTRACT: Local governmental agencies responsible for decisions in ground water quality management need not only data on ground water quality but they also must understand the relationship of accuracies and risks associated with this data as related to the number of wells to sample. In this report we address this problem by using the philosophical doctrines of probabilism and relativism with simple statistical procedures. This requires a reasonable estimate of the population variance in a quality parameter for a given management-unit area, and requires that the decisionmaker formulate constraints with an acceptable standard error of the sample mean and be willing to accept some level of probability of being Wrong. This technique is illustrated using a 21-year data base of well water chemical data in a 653 km2 ground water quality study area in the San Joaquin Valley of California. 相似文献
86.
Beth E. Waller Casey W. Hoy Janet L. Henderson Ben Stinner Celeste Welty 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》1998,70(2-3)
Through interviews and mail surveys, Ohio potato (Solanum tuberosum) growers were surveyed concerning their willingness to adopt three cultural controls being developed for management of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), which had become increasingly difficult to control. The principal objective of the research was to obtain a deeper understanding of how farmers make decisions to adopt or not adopt new techniques and how these decisions are related to farmers' educational backgrounds and the way they currently manage their farms. The three cultural management options emphasized ecological approaches to habitat management rather than ecologically disruptive chemical control: (1) using host plants in overwintering sites to slow the spring movement of the beetles to potato fields, (2) using larger potato plants at field borders than in the center of the field as a spring trap crop, and (3) concentrating beetles in relatively small undefoliated areas to be killed with heat in late summer. Most respondents would not adopt these alternative pest management strategies, mainly because they perceived an unsatisfactory trade-off between logistic difficulties and expenses and population suppression they would achieve compared with traditional chemical control measures. Education correlated positively and experience in farming negatively with the willingness to try new pest management techniques. Additionally, growers responding more negatively to questions regarding integrated pest management strategies were more willing to experiment with the alternative techniques, a result attributed to either the survey design or an indication of experience with the more intensive management effort required for integrated pest management. This profile of potential innovators should be used by researchers to establish partnerships with farmers that could assist with both the research and development of new farming techniques and the adoption of successful systems by other farmers. 相似文献
87.
Michael Hrncir Sidnei Mateus Fábio S. Nascimento 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(6):975-983
An efficient exploitation of carbohydrate food sources would be beneficial for social wasp species that store nectar within
their nest. In the swarm-founding polistine wasp Polybia occidentalis, we now demonstrate that the decisions of when and where to forage are influenced by information from conspecifics. Only
when foragers had been trained to collect at artificial carbohydrate feeders did newcomers (food-source-naive individuals)
continuously arrive at these feeders during 2 h of experiment. In control tests, in which no forager had been trained, not
a single newcomer alighted at any of the offered carbohydrate food sources. This indicates that, during the foraging process,
a nest-based input provided by successful foragers must have stimulated nestmates to search for food. Once activated, the
newcomers’ choice on where to collect was strongly influenced by field-based social information. The mere visual presence
of accumulated conspecifics (wasp dummies placed on one of the feeders) attracted newcomers to the food sources. Interestingly,
however, visual enhancement was not the only decision-biasing factor at the feeding site. In an experimental series where
searching wasps had to choose between the experimental feeder at which 3 foragers continuously collected and the control feeder
with nine wasp dummies, only 40% of the wasps chose the visually enhanced feeder. This points to the existence of additional
mechanisms of local enhancement. The possibility that, in social wasps, recruitment is involved in the exploitation of carbohydrate
food sources is discussed. 相似文献
88.
Kit Magellan Lars B. Pettersson Anne E. Magurran 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,58(4):366-374
Although many studies have examined the effects of male size on attractiveness and mating behaviour, few have taken genetic background into consideration. Phenotypic manipulation permits the experimental adjustment of morphological traits while keeping genetic background constant. Here, male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, an ideal model for this type of manipulation, were raised at different temperatures to produce sibling pairs that differed in size. These were then used to investigate male mating behaviour and male attractiveness, assessed through female mate choice, in relation to this size dimorphism. Further, male–male competition, which is intrinsic to male mating behaviour, is also likely to be affected by their size. Through the use of repeated measures analyses we demonstrate that females significantly prefer larger males and male size and competition significantly affect several aspects of male mating behaviour. Larger siblings perform more sneaky mating attempts and spend more time chasing females. The frequencies of both these behaviours increase with competition. While display frequency is unaffected by male size and competition, display duration and the amount of time spent attending females are reduced in the presence of competitors. This study highlights the use of phenotypic manipulation as a valuable tool for investigating behavioural interactions and confirms that both male size and competition are significant factors in the guppy mating system. 相似文献
89.
SYLVIA M. FALLON 《Conservation biology》2007,21(5):1186-1195
Abstract: Genetic information is becoming an influential factor in determining whether species, subspecies, and distinct population segments qualify for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Nevertheless, there are currently no standards or guidelines that define how genetic information should be used by the federal agencies that administer the act. I examined listing decisions made over a 10-year period (February 1996–February 2006) that relied on genetic information. There was wide variation in the genetic data used to inform listing decisions in terms of which genomes (mitochondrial vs. nuclear) were sampled and the number of markers (or genetic techniques) and loci evaluated. In general, whether the federal agencies identified genetic distinctions between putative taxonomic units or populations depended on the type and amount of genetic data. Studies that relied on multiple genetic markers were more likely to detect distinctions, and those organisms were more likely to receive protection than studies that relied on a single genetic marker. Although the results may, in part, reflect the corresponding availability of genetic techniques over the given time frame, the variable use of genetic information for listing decisions has the potential to misguide conservation actions. Future management policy would benefit from guidelines for the critical evaluation of genetic information to list or delist organisms under the Endangered Species Act. 相似文献
90.
The failure to anticipate the public's response to environmental problems can lead to expensive delays, bad public relations, and litigation, as well as environmental decisions that do not represent public values and preferences. This study examines the influence of conflict between management goals, perceived resource scarcity, and information bias on evaluations of the importance of management goals; the perception of conflicts among the goals; and the emotions evoked in an urban forest management problem. Environmental problem scenarios were systematically manipulated as to the level of conflict between development and natural preservation goals, the scarcity of urban nature, and the bias of the presented information. Evaluations of the importance of urban nature and economic development were susceptible to manipulations of scarcity. The importance of urban nature was also higher when information was biased toward pro-preservation issues. Negative emotions were associated with high conflict and scarcity and with the propreservation information bias. Both evaluations of goal importance and conflict among goals appeared to be based on an underlying economics-versus-amenity dimension. These results are similar to previous studies of environmental decision making with regard to nonurban environmental problems. This research offers a beginning in understanding and anticipating the way members of the public may respond to information about environmental problems. 相似文献