The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis

In 2004–05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.     

底质营养盐对菹草生长及养分分配的影响

在野外池塘中,利用3种不同营养状况的底质研究底质营养盐对菹草生长及养分分配的影响,结果表明：沉水植物菹草面对底质营养盐的胁迫出现了急性的生理生化反应,在生长初期叶片总的可溶性糖含量在肥沃的底质上高于贫营养底质上;根、茎、叶和石芽各构件都具有异速生长现象,并且表现规律不一样;菹草的根冠比随底质营养盐的不同而变化;随着营养条件对菹草生长胁迫加重,根、冠的异速生长愈明显,同时石芽的N∶P和C∶N比率显著受底质营养盐的影响,而菹草叶片和茎N∶P和C∶N比率不受底质肥力的影响,这些响应将改变石芽第2年的命运和影响种群的维持;在胁迫生境下,菹草首先分配资源到无性繁殖体--石芽上以便维持种群的延续,以回避策略应对底质营养盐胁迫。     

Birth sex ratios in toque macaques and other mammals: integrating the effects of maternal condition and competition

Mammalian life histories suggest that maternal body condition and social dominance (a measure of resource-holding potential) influence the physical and social development of offspring, and thereby their reproductive success. Predictably, a mother should produce that sex of offspring which contributes most to her fitness (as measured by the number of her grandchildren) and that she is best able to raise within the constraints imposed by her condition, social rank, and environment. Such combined effects were investigated by monitoring variations in body condition (weight) and behavior of female toque macaques, Macaca sinica of Sri Lanka, in a changing forest environment over 18 years. Maternal rank, by itself, had no influence on offspring sex, but did affect maternal body condition. The combined effects of rank and condition indicated the following: mothers in robust condition bore more sons, whereas those in moderate condition bore more daughters, but both effects were expressed most strongly among mothers of high rank. Where the consequences of low rank were felt most acutely, as shown by poor condition, mothers underproduced daughters. Environmental quality directly influenced rank and condition interactions, and thus sex ratios. These relationships, and data from other mammals suggest an empirically and theoretically consistent pattern of sex allocation in mammals. New predictions integrate effects, proposed by Trivers and Willard, that are rooted in male mate competition, which is universal among polygynous mammals, with those of local resource competition (and/or female reproductive competition), which are not universal and differ in intensity between the socioecologies and local environments of different species. Received: 30 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 August 1998     

我国开发区土地资源配置效率的区域差异研究

应用比较优势理论，以国家级53个经济技术开发区为例。研究了不同区域间开发区土地利用的比较优势。结果表明。按照区域土地利用的比较优势来配置土地资源能够提高土地利用的总福利水平。整体上．中西部国家级开发区的比较优势高于东部地区：而区域内部东部地区的京津苏沪及中西部地区的中心城市在开发区建设用地的利用上具有比较优势。因此，按照开发区土地利用的比较优势度计算结果，在排除开发区自身发育不完善和管理层面因素后，对于确实不适宜进行开发区工业建设的应进行空间布局的调整，恢复其农业生产；而对于比较优势度较高的地区可根据实际需要增设相应的开发区。以实现耕地保护与开发区建设的双赢。     

多水源用水网络优化模型研究

为了解决含有多类供水水源的用水网络优化设计问题,研究了过程工业用水特点,将各用水单元看成水阱,各单元的排水看成潜在水源,从而将供水问题转化为水阱和水源的匹配问题,建立用于多水源用水网络优化的配水模型,并详细阐述该模型应用步骤及其特点。     

南方某市二氧化硫排放指标分配研究

SO2排放指标的合理分配是实施总量控制的重要基础。针对所研究城市大气SO2污染排放特征和总量控制目标,提出了对所研究城市的火电行业的排放指标进行单独分配的分配模式。对火电行业采用排放绩效法分配其SO2排放指标,而除火电行业之外的其他行业则采用兼顾环境容量和环境质量目标的SO2初始排污权分配模型进行分配。最后结合各区域大气SO2环境容量及2010年SO2排放量预测值对分配结果进行合理性分析。     

贵州响水矿水资源优化配置模型研究

响水矿投产以来,由于缺乏系统规划和科学管理,出现了矿区生活用水紧缺而矿井水大量浪费的矛盾状况。在对响水矿区内水文地质、水资源情况及矿井涌水量进行详细分析的基础上,以响水矿区社会效益、经济效益和环境效益可持续发展为目标,利用系统分析原理,建立响水矿区水资源优化配置模型。该模型考虑了矿区复杂水循环机理、水资源供需关系、水资源的水质等各方面限制因素,可为响水矿矿区实现水资源的可持续利用与社会、经济和环境的协调发展提供技术支撑。     

基于响应场的线性规划方法在长江口总量分配计算中的应用

河口区污染源总量分配由于计算的复杂性而受到较多的关注. 以长江口及毗邻海域为例,研究基于响应场的线性规划方法在污染源总量分配计算中的应用. 主要步骤:通过水动力水质模型计算各污染源在单位负荷下的响应场,建立污染源与水质之间的响应关系;构建总量分配计算的优化目标和约束方程,采用线性规划方法,计算污染物环境容量;考虑污染源之间的公平性原则,进行污染源总量分配. 选取有代表性的水文设计条件,完成对COD_Mn,NH₃-N,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的总量分配计算. 在给定的设计水量、水质目标、排污口位置和分配原则等条件下,得到COD_Mn,NH₃-N,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的最大允许入海量分别为200.8×104,16.9×104,22.6×104和1.8×104 t.      

渭南市道路移动源高分辨污染物排放清单及特征研究

应用MOVES-2014a模型并对其输入参数进行了本地化修正,计算了 2018年渭南市道路移动源污染物的排放因子和排放总量.基于渭南市路网分布和GIS信息及车流分布对污染物总排放量进行了空间和时间分配,建立了 1 km×1 km和l h分辨率的排放清单.结果表明,渭南市机动车排放CO、NMVOCs、NOx、NO2、NO...