湖南红色旅游资源的共生势能

红色旅游资源与其他旅游资源的共生开发,是市场配置资源的必然现象,研究意义重大。以湖南旅游资源为对象,以景区为共生单元,通过景区旅游资源类型结构确定红色主导、绿色主导、蓝色主导、古色主导、娱乐科教主导五类,依据景区质量指数和景区间便捷程度指数计算共生势能,基于社会网络理论运用Ucinet和ArcGIS软件分析发现：湖南旅游资源共生势能存在五个等级,表现着纯利他的首要联络中心、利他主导的次要联络中心、对称互利的重要联络点、非对称互利的一般联络点、纯利己的松散联络点属性,红色旅游资源具有共生势能的显著优势。旅游资源共生系统由五大共生群落组成,红色旅游资源发挥了显著的组织作用,长株潭红色旅游资源为优势的共生群落的内部联系最紧密,具有良好的共生势能;湘南古色、红色、蓝色旅游资源共建,湘西绿色、古色旅游资源共建,湘西南绿色旅游资源为优势的和环洞庭古色旅游资源为优势的共生群落,内部联系依次降低;长株潭红色旅游资源为优势的共生群落与其他四个共生群落均有联系,与湘南古色、红色、蓝色旅游资源共建的共生群落之间联系较紧密,而湘南古色、红色、蓝色旅游资源共建的与湘西南绿色旅游资源为优势的共生群落之间联系较紧密。红色旅游资源是湖南旅游资源共生系统核心区的主体,核心区53个景区中,红色主导型景区占33.96%;长株潭红色旅游资源为优势的共生群落中占50.9%。研究结果表明,红色旅游资源表现着对湖南旅游业发展的强大支持作用和协同作用,体现了促进区域高质量发展的独特价值。     

基于文献计量方法的碳排放责任分配研究发展态势分析

为应对碳排放造成的全球变暖问题,各国应共同采取行动,其中碳排放责任分配是各国利益相关的研究热点,该领域有关研究虽已有很多,但基于文献计量的较少.本文使用文献计量学方法,利用Citespace等软件,针对Web of Science核心合集中的碳排放责任分配领域文献进行定量分析,以揭示该领域的发展现状、研究实力分布、研究前沿等,并着重分析中国在该领域的研究发展情况.研究发现:①该领域论文于1991—2010年间发展缓慢,2010年后开始快速增加;②无论在国家、机构、作者层面,中国文章发表量均居全球首位,但由于参与研究时间较晚等原因,篇均被引水平仍相对较低;③通过对逐年篇均被引水平及文章合作度分析发现,近年来该领域文章数量增速不断加快,篇均作者数不断增加,篇均文章机构数量及篇均被引数量却不断下降,文章学术质量有所降低,可能存在一定学术泡沫现象,其中我国该现象尤为突出;④该领域最新研究主题包括管理、效率、共担社会责任等,最受关注研究主题为能源、碳足迹、消费者责任等,最常用研究方法为投入产出法,整体具有很强的连续性.总的来说,该领域近年出现很多新研究主题,但针对责任分配原则本身的创新稍有不足,同时由于研究力量分散等原因,各新主题还未得到足够关注.我国作为碳排放出口大国,应提出基于我国利益的碳排放责任分配原则,未来需继续加大研究力度、提高文章质量,掌握碳排放责任分配话语权,维护我国在国际气候谈判中的国家利益.     

流域主体功能优化与黄河水资源再分配

立足流域主体功能优化概念内涵,系统性解析流域各类主体功能目标,基于流域主体功能评价指标体系建立以主体功能优化为目标导向的流域主体功能水资源分配机制,通过遗传算法求解多目标优化模型得到2017年黄河流域9省、自治区的四类水资源分配方案。研究结果表明：（1）流域主体功能实现水资源分配机制,使黄河流域最大可能节水23.01亿m³。（2）流域主体功能水资源分配机制给黄河流域主体功能实现分别带来4344.48亿元的生产功能增量、991.35亿元的生态功能价值增量,可多承载8194.84万人口。（3）减少宁夏和山东的农业用水及内蒙古工业用水分配对黄河流域水资源优化分配至关重要。     

Relative Value of Water for Hydropower and Municipal Supply in Southeastern Reservoirs

Population growth in the Southeast has driven withdrawals for municipal water beyond the limits of local supplies. With few options left for development of virgin sources, a number of urban areas are looking toward demand management and additional supplies by reallocating storage in reservoirs that were built primarily or in part for hydropower. Hydropower has become a lesser part of the mix of energy sources, and the question arises as to value of water for that purpose relative to its value for municipal use. Three cases are used to examine the issue. Effects of withdrawal for municipal water supply on output of electric energy are estimated. Benefits of foregone energy are evaluated using the least cost alternative for replacement, and benefits for municipal water are estimated using costs for development of new sources. Benefits for use as municipal water are found to be considerably higher than benefits for hydroelectric energy at existing prices, even higher than the least cost alternative for replacement. Given the spatial distribution of the cases, that finding would appear to hold in general across the region.     

流动性视角下的国土空间安全及规划应对策略

人员、物资、能源资源等要素在不同层级空间的频繁流动,持续重构人类活动与自然环境关系,并对国土空间安全产生影响。从流动性视角进行国土空间安全探讨,提出在活动承载安全、资源与生态安全基础上,应考虑要素流动与人类活动、资源环境的耦合性及其潜在风险。流动性与国土空间安全的关系可以从“流”空间与场所空间耦合、“供—流—需”协调与资源配置安全、要素流与国土空间系统韧性三个方面来表征。以生态、水、粮食、经济、社会等安全塑造为目标,立足于各类要素流对人地关系系统影响的不确定性,以及自然灾害、突发公共安全事件等极端条件下的流动性风险,通过合理引导资源配置、科学布局国土空间要素等手段,实现人类活动、自然环境系统之间的自适应与良性反馈调节,形成安全韧性的国土空间格局与框架。在国土空间规划中,需要进行要素流与国土空间开发保护的耦合协调性分析评价,建立“形”与“流”结合的国土空间结构优化分析方法,增强不同空间的功能弹性以适应要素流动和活动集聚的不确定性,建立供需协同的国土空间支撑体系。研究对提升国土空间可持续发展水平以及保障人类生存安全具有重要意义。     

Matches and mismatches between conservation investments and biodiversity values in the European Union

Recently, the European Commission adopted a new strategy to halt the loss of biodiversity. Member states are expected to favor a more effective collection and redistribution of European Union (EU) funds under the current Multiannual Financial Framework for 2014–2020. Because of the large spatial variation in the distribution of biodiversity and conservation needs at the continental scale, EU instruments should ensure that countries with higher biodiversity values get more funds and resources for the conservation than other countries. Using linear regressions, we assessed the association between conservation investments and biodiversity values across member states, accounting for a variety of conservation investment indicators, taxonomic groups (including groups of plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates), and indicators of biodiversity value. In general, we found clear overall associations between conservation investments and biodiversity variables. However, some countries received more or less investment than would be expected based on biodiversity values in those countries. We also found that the extensive use of birds as unique indicators of conservation effectiveness may lead to biased decisions. Our results can inform future decisions regarding funding allocation and thus improve distribution of EU conservation funds.     

Exposing ecological and economic costs of the research‐implementation gap and compromises in decision making

The frequently discussed gap between conservation science and practice is manifest in the gap between spatial conservation prioritization plans and their implementation. We analyzed the research‐implementation gap of one zoning case by comparing results of a spatial prioritization analysis aimed at avoiding ecological impact of peat mining in a regional zoning process with the final zoning plan. We examined the relatively complex planning process to determine the gaps among research, zoning, and decision making. We quantified the ecological costs of the differing trade‐offs between ecological and socioeconomic factors included in the different zoning suggestions by comparing the landscape‐level loss of ecological features (species occurrences, habitat area, etc.) between the different solutions for spatial allocation of peat mining. We also discussed with the scientists and planners the reasons for differing zoning suggestions. The implemented plan differed from the scientists suggestion in that its focus was individual ecological features rather than all the ecological features for which there were data; planners and decision makers considered effects of peat mining on areas not included in the prioritization analysis; zoning was not truly seen as a resource‐allocation process and not emphasized in general minimizing ecological losses while satisfying economic needs (peat‐mining potential); and decision makers based their prioritization of sites on site‐level information showing high ecological value and on single legislative factors instead of finding a cost‐effective landscape‐level solution. We believe that if the zoning and decision‐making processes are very complex, then the usefulness of science‐based prioritization tools is likely to be reduced. Nevertheless, we found that high‐end tools were useful in clearly exposing trade‐offs between conservation and resource utilization.     

Combining heat-transfer and energy budget models to predict thermal stress in Mediterranean intertidal mussels

Recent studies have emphasised that organisms can experience physiological stress well within their geographic range limits. Developing methods for mechanistically predicting the presence, absence and physiological performance of organisms is therefore important because of the ongoing effects of climate change. In this study, we merged a biophysical–ecological (BE) model that estimates the aquatic (high tide) and aerial (low tide) body temperatures of Mytilus galloprovincialis with a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model to predict growth, reproduction and mortality of this Mediterranean mussel in both intertidal and subtidal environments. Using weather and chlorophyll-a data from three Mediterranean sites along the Italian coasts, we show that predictions of sublethal and lethal (acute) stress can potentially explain the observed distribution (both presence and absence) of mussels in the intertidal and subtidal zones, and the maximum size of animals in the subtidal zones. Importantly, our results suggest that different mechanisms limit the intertidal distribution of mussels, and that these mechanisms do not follow a simple latitudinal gradient. At the northernmost site (Palermo), M. galloprovincialis appears to be excluded from the intertidal zone due to persistent exposure to lethal aerial temperatures, whereas at the southernmost sites (Porto Empedocle and Lampedusa) sublethal stress is the most important driver of mussel intertidal distribution. Our predictions provide a set of hypotheses for future work on the role of climate change in limiting intertidal distribution of mussels in the Mediterranean.     

土壤水分对外来入侵植物五爪金龙植株表型可塑性和化感作用的影响

外来入侵植物五爪金龙（Ipomoea cairica）对华南地区的生态环境造成严重危害,表型可塑性可增强外来物种的入侵能力。本文通过盆栽试验研究土壤含水量为10%、20%和30%对外来入侵植物五爪金龙种子萌发、植株表型可塑性和化感作用的影响,探讨五爪金龙对土壤水分变化的响应机理,为进一步了解五爪金龙的入侵机理和提高对入侵种的预警和控制能力提供理论依据。结果表明,（1）在土壤含水量为10%,20%和30%条件下,五爪金龙种子的萌发率分别为15.2%、36.4%和33.6%。五爪金龙种子的萌发率随土壤含水量的增加而增加,尤其是在土壤含水量为30%时,五爪金龙种子萌发率最高。（2）土壤含水量为10%、20%和30%时,五爪金龙植株的总生物量分别为0.88、2.26和2.42 g。与土壤含水量为10%相比,土壤含水量为20%和30%条件下五爪金龙的总生物量分别增加了156.8%和175.0%,表明土壤水分增加显著增加了五爪金龙的总生物量。土壤含水量增加显著增加了五爪金龙的叶面积、叶生物量比、比叶面积和茎长,同时减少了根生物量比和根冠比,而对茎生物量比无显著影响。（3）相同浓度的五爪金龙水浸提液对受体植物莴苣（Lactuca sativa）和萝卜（Raphanus sativus）根长和苗高生长的化感抑制作用随着土壤含水量的减少而增强。研究表明：五爪金龙通过改变生物量分配模式和化感潜力对土壤水分变化有一定的适应能力。     

基于环境基尼系数最小化模型的水污染物总量分配优化

本文通过应用WASP模型计算出研究区域环境容量及其在各镇的空间分布,在此基础上确定整个区域的污染物目标总量.结合研究区域实际情况,提出并开发了基于经济、社会和资源禀赋的综合环境基尼系数最小化模型,用于污染物目标总量分配的最优化求解.最终分配方案相比污染物现状排放、容量分配两种情形而言,COD的基尼系数分别下降15.1%和8.4%,氨氮的基尼系数分别下降11.0%和13.7%,分配方案更加公平、合理.在最终优化分配所得的COD削减方案中,长泾镇削减比率最高,达到20%,削减量为231.74t/a;在相应的氨氮削减方案中,祝塘镇削减比率最高,达到59.9%,削减量为59.74t/a.