河流环境关心点的位置定量化

提出了河流环境关心点的概念,即指河流两岸或河中体现或影响河流环境功能的环境要素与河流某断面相互作用的点。阐述了河流环境关心点与位置定量化之间的关系及编制点位图时应遵循的功能原则、水质原则和边界原则,指出河流环境关心点位图能够比较直观、全观地反映各点位分布情况。以沅江为例,叙述了绘制各环境关心点位的方法。     

四川省基于第二次污染源普查数据的人为源大气污染源排放清单及特征

本研究根据自下而上和自上而下相结合的方法收集四川省人为源活动水平数据,其中工业源活动水平来自四川省第二次污染源普查数据,涵盖11020台锅炉信息、60078家工业企业信息,成都市收集了19152家工业企业数据,占四川省企业总数的32％.各污染源选取合理的排放因子并结合GIS技术,构建了该地区2017年9 km×9 km...     

Compartmentation of metals in foliage of Populus tremula grown on soils with mixed contamination. I. From the tree crown to leaf cell level

In order to achieve efficient phytoextraction of heavy metals using trees, the metal allocation to aboveground tissues needs to be characterised. In his study, the distribution of heavy metals, macro- and micronutrients and the metal micro-localisation as a function of the leaf position and heavy metal treatment were analysed in poplars grown on soil with mixed metal contamination. Zinc was the most abundant contaminant in both soil and foliage and, together with cadmium, was preferentially accumulated in older foliage whereas excess copper and lead were not translocated. Changes in other element concentrations indicated an acceleration in aging as a consequence of the metal treatment. Excess zinc was irregularly accumulated inside leaf tissues, tended to saturate the veins and was more frequently stored in cell symplast than apoplast. Storage compartments including metabolically safe and sensitive subcellular sites resulted in sizable metal accumulation as well as stress reactions.     

模拟分析白骨壤湿地系统中Ni的分配循环及其净化效果

在温室中建立红树林植物白骨壤模拟湿地系统,分别用正常、5倍和10倍浓度的人工配置的城市污水每周定时定量对模拟系统污灌2次,用海水作对照,持续1 a.研究重金属Ni在系统中的分配、循环和被净化的效果以及系统对Ni的承受能力.结果表明：加入系统的Ni主要留存在土壤中,很少迁移到植物体和凋落物中.模拟系统对重金属Ni的净化效果显著,达到92%以上.根据物质平衡模型计算得土壤子系统Ni的环境容量较大,因此整个模拟系统对Ni污染的承受力较大.     

Bayesian estimation of European sulphur emissions using monitoring data and an acid deposition model

A statistical method for estimating national emissions of acidifying air pollutants in Europe is presented. The method uses an acid deposition model to match official emissions data from European countries and measured depositions from a monitoring network. An application to 1990 sulphate data demonstrates the method and suggests some tendencies in the reported emissions. The proposed framework may prove useful for verifying national compliance with emissions standards, and the method should be applicable also to other substances than sulphur dioxide. The problem of designing an optimal monitoring network may also be assessed within the proposed statistical framework.     

Worker allocation in insect societies: coordination of nectar foragers and nectar receivers in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Nectar collection in the honey-bee is partitioned. Foragers collect nectar and take it to the nest, where they transfer it to receiver bees who then store it in cells. Because nectar is a fluctuating and unpredictable resource, changes in worker allocation are required to balance the work capacities of foragers and receivers so that the resource is exploited efficiently. Honey bee colonies use a complex system of signals and other feedback mechanisms to coordinate the relative and total work capacities of the two groups of workers involved. We present a functional evaluation of each of the component mechanisms used by honey bees – waggle dance, tremble dance, stop signal, shaking signal and abandonment – and analyse how their interplay leads to group-level regulation. We contrast the actual regulatory system of the honey bee with theory. The tremble dance conforms to predicted best use of information, where the group in excess applies negative feedback to itself and positive feedback to the group in shortage, but this is not true of the waggle dance. Reasons for this and other discrepancies are discussed. We also suggest reasons why honey bees use a combination of recruitment plus abandonment and not switching between subtasks, which is another mechanism for balancing the work capacities of foragers and receivers. We propose that the waggle and tremble dances are the primary regulation mechanisms, and that the stop and shaking signals are secondary mechanisms, which fine-tune the system. Fine-tuning is needed because of the inherent unreliability of the cues, queueing delays, which foragers use to make recruitment decisions. Received: 15 December 1998 / Received in revised form: 6 March 1999 / Accepted: 12 March 1999     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻磷素吸收利用的影响

为促进农田流失养分的循环利用,2009、2010年以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦(将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg hm-2农田施用)、不施用水葫芦处理和施氮(N)量为120 kg hm-2(LN)、240 kg hm-2(NN)处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期磷(P)素含量、吸收、分配和利用效率的影响.结果表明:1)农田施用水葫芦后,水稻不同生育时期植株含P率显著提高,各生育时期P素吸收量显著提高;2)农田施用水葫芦对水稻不同生育时期P素在茎鞘、叶片和穗中分配比例均无显著影响;3)农田施用水葫芦后,除够苗期外,水稻不同生育时期P素干物质生产效率极显著降低,P素籽粒效率显著降低,但P素收获指数无显著变化;4)农田施用水葫芦后,水稻产量显著提高;5)增施N肥后,水稻不同生育时期的植株P素含量和吸收量多得到显著或极显著的增加,P素干物质生产效率和P素籽粒生产效率多明显下降;6)水葫芦×N处理对稻株P素吸收利用多无显著互作效应;农田施用水葫芦使水稻植株含P率、P素吸收量显著提高,使P素干物质生产效率和P素籽粒生产效率多显著降低.     

基于鲸鱼优化算法与投影寻踪耦合的云南省初始水权分配

论文基于公平性、效率性和可持续性原则,选取水资源开发用率等17个分水指标建立云南省初始水权分配指标体系,运用投影寻踪（Projection Pursuit, PP）技术确定云南省各州市初始水权分配水量。针对PP技术最佳投影方向难以确定的不足,利用一种新型群智能算法——鲸鱼优化算法（Whale Optimization Algorithm, WOA）寻优PP模型最佳投影方向,构建WOA-PP耦合的初始水权分配模型。通过6个典型测试函数对WOA进行仿真验证,仿真结果与文化算法（Cultural Algorithm, CA）、差分进化（Differential Evolution, DE）算法、混合蛙跳算法（Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm, SFLA）、布谷鸟搜索（Cuckoo Search, CS）算法、粒子群优化（Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO）算法和人工蜂群（Artificial Bee Colony, ABC）算法的寻优结果进行比较。结果表明：1）无论是单峰还是多峰函数,WOA能够探索不同的搜索空间,具有良好的开发和勘探能力,对Sphere等6个函数的寻优精度高于CA、DE、SFLA、CS、PSO和ABC算法,表现出较好的寻优精度、收敛速度、全局寻优能力与收敛稳定性。2）从WOA-PP模型初始水权分配结果及目前实行的综合法水量分配结果对比来看,2015年昭通、丽江、临沧、红河、文山、怒江两种方法的分配结果相差最小,在0.11亿~0.41亿m³之间;玉溪、普洱、大理、德宏和迪庆两种方法的分配结果相差最大,在2.06亿~4.38亿m³之间;其余州市两种方法的分配结果在1.12亿~1.61亿m³之间。2020年保山、昭通、丽江、临沧、红河、文山、怒江两种方法的分配结果相差最小,在0.02亿~0.41亿m³之间;昆明、玉溪和德宏两种方法的分配结果相差最大,分别为5.89亿、5.66亿和3.54亿m³;其余州市两种方法的分配结果在1.89亿~2.85亿m³之间。3）论文提出的初始水权分配模型及方法具有一定的可操作性和有效性,可为区域初始水权分配提供新的思路和方法。     

Patterns of sexual cohabitation and female ejaculate storage in the American lobster (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Homarus americanus</Emphasis>)

Little is known of the time and ejaculate allocation strategies during mating of American lobster, Homarus americanus. This study investigated sexual cohabitation and female ejaculate accumulation patterns in a laboratory mating experiment, as well as female seminal receptacle load in exploited populations in the waters of the Magdalen and Anticosti Islands, in eastern Canada. In the laboratory experiment, the length of sexual cohabitation was proportionate to female size for large but not for small males. Also, large males cohabited with pre- and postmolt females longer than small males. These different time investment strategies can be explained by different mutual benefits. In the field and laboratory, larger females accumulated more ejaculate than smaller ones. This suggests that male lobsters tailor ejaculate to female size, a reliable index of her reproductive potential. Moreover, similarly-sized females accumulated more ejaculate when mated with large compared to small males. Comparison of receptacle loads between wild-mated and laboratory-mated females suggests that the former were mating mainly with smaller males, although some evidence of positive size-assortative mating existed, especially at the less exploited Anticosti site. The results are discussed in the context of evolutionary theory and of proposed management measures to increase egg production in exploited populations.Communicated by T. Czeschlik     

Earlier sex change in infected individuals of the protogynous reef fish<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Thalassoma bifasciatum</Emphasis>

Sex allocation theory for sequential hermaphrodites predicts the size at which an individual should change sex, given the different relationships between individual size and reproductive success in the two sexes. We studied a host-parasite system where the myxozoan Kudoa ovivora infects the ovaries of the reef fish Thalassoma bifasciatum, a protogynous sequential hermaphrodite. The parasite sporulates in the hosts eggs and renders them infertile. It is thus expected to reduce the females reproductive success, and could thereby influence host sex change. We present data from marked fish we observed in the field over 4 months. The data suggest that females infected with Kudoa ovivora have a lower reproductive success, change sex earlier and at a smaller size than uninfected females. These results are in agreement with predictions from sex allocation theory, and provide the first example of a possible parasitic influence on the sex allocation of its host.Communicated by P. Heeb