中国“十三五”时期省际碳减排目标的效率分配

首先,将"零和收益"的博弈思想引入到SBM模型中,构建了基于零和收益的碳减排SBM效率分配模型(ZSG-SBM)。然后,基于"十三五"规划中我国整体碳强度降低18%的减排约束,从经济增速和能源消费结构2个维度设置了"十三五"期间我国经济系统的4种发展情景,应用上述ZSG-SBM模型对碳减排目标进行了省际层面的效率分配。并通过对比各省经济发展现状和碳减排目标的分配结果,分析了各省的低碳经济发展路径。结果表明:采用ZSG-SBM模型对碳排放量进行效率分配后,30个省份的投入、产出指标实现了有效配置,碳排放效率到达效率前沿。政府基于"公平"导向的行政分配方案会造成一定程度的效率损失,基于ZSG-SBM模型的效率分配方案更符合低碳经济的长远发展要求。在碳强度约束的基础上,能源强度的再约束将迫使各省优化能源消费结构,从而提升我国整体碳排放效率。"十三五"时期,我国有16个省份的碳减排目标分配结果大于18%的平均标准,各省应根据自身资源禀赋、经济水平、产业结构和能源消费结构的现状选择差异的低碳经济发展道路。     

Water Prism: A Tool to Assess Water Availability Risk and Investigate Water Management Strategies

Water availability risk is a local issue best understood with watershed‐scale quantification of both withdrawal and consumptive demands in the context of available supply. Collectively, all water use sectors must identify, understand, and respond to this risk. A highly visual and computationally robust decision support tool, Water Prism, quantitatively explores mitigation responses to water risk on both a facility‐level and basin‐aggregated basis. Water Prism examines a basin water balance for a 40‐ to 60‐year planning horizon, distinguishes among water use sectors, and accounts for ecosystem water needs. The 2012 Texas State Water Plan was used to apply Water Prism to the Big Cypress‐Sulphur Basin (Texas). The case study showed Water Prism to be an accurate and convenient tool to provide fine‐scale understanding of water use in the context of available supply, evaluate multi‐sector combinations of conservation strategies, and quantify the effects of future demands and water availability. Analyses demonstrated water availability risks for rivers and reservoirs can vary within a basin and must be calculated independently, simulation of water balance conditions can help illuminate potential impacts of increasing demands, and scenario simulations can be used to evaluate relative conservation efficacy of different water resource management strategies for each sector. Based on case study findings, Water Prism can serve as a useful assessment tool for regional water planners.     

Allocation of Streamflow Depletion Impacts under Nonlinear Conditions

A method is proposed for the equitable allocation of impacts of groundwater pumping on streamflow. The method is intended for cases in which the pumping activity of multiple entities has impacts on streamflow and these impacts are computed by perturbation. It is shown that when the response of streamflow to pumping is nonlinear, simple methods for impact calculation can fail. The proposed method is developed for the case when there are four entities that impact streamflow. The method relies on the calculation of impacts by perturbation of the simulation model from different base pumping levels. When four entities are evaluated, 16 runs of the simulation model are required. It is shown the proposed method produces estimated impacts for each individual entity that are equitable because they meet the requirement that the impacts of each entity sum to the total impacts of all entities acting together and the impacts attributed to each entity do not depend on the order of calculation. A brief example demonstrates the approach.     

Grid extension in German backyards: a game-theory rationale

A substantial extension of the electricity grid seems to be necessary in Germany in the coming decades for technical, economic, and ecological reasons. The increased usage of electricity from environmentally conscious sources is not undisputed and the question of where and how to extend the grid is at the centre of a controversial public discussion. One crucial point in this discussion concerns the fair sharing of the costs and benefits of such an extension. It is necessary to create a fair compensation mechanism. Therefore, an innovative mechanism is proposed in this paper that consists of cooperative game theory as well as auction elements. We interpret the German grid extension as a cooperative cost reduction game that allows the identification of fair cost shares and compensation payments. To solve the problem of non-cooperative behaviour, we propose the involvement of a sealed-bid auction. We show that this novel procedure is incentive compatible.     

Evaluating Hydrologically Connected Surface Water and Groundwater Using a Groundwater Model

Determination of the nature and extent of the connection between groundwater and surface water is of paramount importance to managing water supplies. The development of analyses that detail the surface water‐groundwater system may lead to more effective utilization of available water. A tool was developed to help determine the effects of groundwater and surface water interactions. The software tool includes two graphic user interfaces to allow full compatibility with numerical MODFLOW groundwater models. This case study shows the tool, in conjunction with MODFLOW groundwater models and carefully designed scenarios, can successfully calculate the rates of stream‐groundwater interactions, thereby providing the basis for designating management areas with the most significant hydrologic impact. This tool can be applied in other regions with similar settings and needs for integrated water management.     

基于区域差异的污染物削减总量分配研究

随着污染物总量控制手段在我国的不断推进与深化,如何公平合理地在不同区域之间分配污染物削减总量是学术研究和政府决策关注的重要问题。在对现有的污染物（削减）总量分配方法及其体现的不同分配思想进行比较的基础上,充分考虑污染物从产生、削减到排放的全过程影响因素,提出了合情合理的污染削减分配公平准则。以COD削减总量分配为例,构建了相应的公平分配指标体系,重点考虑各地区在污染物结构减排、工程减排和环境质量状况等方面的差异,基于熵权法建立了体现区域差异的“改进的等比例分配方法”,并对我国省际间COD削减总量分配进行了案例研究。结果表明,这种改进的等比例分配方法,在考虑公平的基础上同时兼顾了各省市之间的差异性,为我国在不同区域间进行不同类型污染物的削减总量分配提供了新的思路与方法     

Adaptive Water Resource Planning in the South Saskatchewan River Basin: Use of Scenarios of Hydroclimatic Variability and Extremes

The South Saskatchewan River Basin is one of Canada's most threatened watersheds, with water supplies in most subbasins over‐allocated. In 2013, stakeholders representing irrigation districts, the environment, and municipalities collaborated with researchers and consultants to explore opportunities to improve the resiliency of the management of the Oldman and South Saskatchewan River subbasins. Streamflow scenarios for 2025‐2054 were constructed by the novel approach of regressing historical river flows against indices of large‐scale ocean‐atmosphere climate oscillations to derive statistical streamflow models, which were then run using projected climate indices from global climate models. The impacts of some of the most extreme scenarios were simulated using the hydrologic mass‐balance model Operational Analysis and Simulation of Integrated Systems (OASIS). Based on stakeholder observations, the project participants proposed and evaluated potential risk management and adaption strategies, e.g., modifying existing infrastructure, building new infrastructure, changing operations to supplement environmental flows, reducing demand, and sharing supply. The OASIS model was applied interactively at live modeling sessions with stakeholders to explore practical adaptation strategies. Our results, which serve as recommendations for policy makers, showed that forecast‐based rationing together with new expanded storage could dramatically reduce water shortages.     

中国碳交易市场CO_2排放权地区间分配效率研究

由于我国地区间资源禀赋和经济发展水平存在差异,在碳排放总量一定的前提下,充分考虑地域间的差异以选取合理的地区间分配方式对实现2016年全国统一碳市场的建立至关重要。本文试图通过零和DEA模型寻求一种新的碳排放权分配方式,在考虑地区间人口和经济差异的基础上实现满足DEA的效率性水平。本文首先通过零和DEA模型对历史排放分配法的效率性水平进行评估,由于历史排放分配法主要受能源消费模式和产业结构决定,不能全面的反映不同地区间的发展和资源禀赋等情况,导致减排成本分配的不合理,从而缺乏效率性;然后根据初次零和DEA的评估结果,通过多次迭代法进行投影,计算出效率性最大化的地区分配方案,从最终的分配结果来看,江苏、山东和广东三省的综合产出因素值高于其他省市地区,最终的CO2排放权分配数量也最多,说明在零和DEA方法下,各地区排放权的分配数量与该地区的经济总量和人口数量成正比;最后,在影响CO2排放的因素中,能源强度和经济发展水平影响最为明显。这说明从短期看,受经济发展要求和要素禀赋的限制,我国碳排放量的绝对值在未来一定时期内仍将处于上升阶段。     

贫困地区农民真的从“新农合”中受益了吗

基本公共服务受益均等化要求新型农村合作医疗服务应有效地保障贫困地区的农民大致均等地享受该服务。本文运用边际受益归宿分析技术,实证测度了2007-2011年中国244个地级市(州)的新农合边际受益率,来探究贫困地区的农民是否真的从新农合中受益。研究发现:第一,与富裕地区相比,贫困地区的新农合边际受益率更高。2007-2011年,最贫困地区的新农合边际受益率分别为1.287 8、1.179 3、1.065 9、0.985 7和1.202 7,最富裕地区的新农合边际受益率分别为0.751 8、0.671 6、0.597 6、0.888 8和0.922 9。第二,从动态角度观察,贫困地区与富裕地区新农合边际受益率的差值在逐渐缩小。2007年,最贫困地区和最富裕地区的新农合边际受益率相差0.536 0,2011年,这一差值缩小为0.279 8。第三,传统的平均受益分析低估了贫困地区的新农合受益水平。以2007年为例,通过平均受益分析得到的最贫困地区的受益份额为24.20%,而边际受益归宿分析结果显示,最贫困地区从整体新农合受益提高中增加的受益份额达到了32.20%,较平均受益份额高出8个百分点,亦即,贫困地区的农民从新农合服务的扩张中可以获得更大的受益,在新农合服务的缩减中可能遭受更大的损失。本文的结论表明,国家在新农合中"亲贫"的政策倾向更多地惠及了贫困地区,新农合的受益均等化程度越来越高。为保证贫困地区的农民在更大程度上受益,政府应实施"精准医保扶贫",加大新农合投入;多元化新农合服务供给渠道,加强地区间协调配合;优化新农合资源配置,完善对地方政府和相关官员的激励约束机制,提高贫困地区新农合的生产效率。     

常州市太湖流域水环境质量目标管理技术研究——控制单元水环境容量分配方法研究

本研究在控制单元划分的基础上,构建了控制单元内水环境容量三层分配体系。逐层建立评价指标体系,运用综合权重法逐层分配水环境容量。实现了不同类型污染源之间、不同点源之间的水环境容量分配,结合污染源排放现状,得出不同类型污染源及不同点源的污染负荷削减量,为水环境管理提供决策支持。