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461.
462.
Balázs?RosivallEmail author János?T?r?k Dennis?Hasselquist Staffan?Bensch 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,56(4):346-351
Recently, a number of studies have found adaptive brood sex ratio (BSR) manipulation in birds. The reason for such manipulations is thought to be the different reproductive value of male and female nestlings. Several studies have found that parental quality and food supply can affect BSR, however results are sometimes inconsistent between species and populations. We investigated BSR patterns in a Hungarian population of Collared Flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) and compared the results with those obtained in a previous study of the same species in Sweden. We found two significant differences. First, the male forehead patch size, a heritable, sexually selected trait, affected the brood sex ratio in the Swedish population, but not in our Hungarian study population. This difference might be a consequence of the different information content of the forehead patch size in the two populations. Second, a seasonal shift in BSR (more sons late in the season) was observed in the Hungarian, but not in the Swedish population.Communicated by J. Graves 相似文献
463.
J. Antonio Baeza 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(3):365-370
Sex allocation theory predicts phenotypic adjustments by individuals in their investments into the male and female reproductive function in response to environmental conditions. I tested for phenotypically plastic shifts in sex allocation in a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, in which individuals mature and reproduce as males first, and later in life, as simultaneous hermaphrodites. I predicted that initially maturing males should adjust the timing of maturation as hermaphrodites according to male mating opportunities mediated by population size of hermaphrodites. In a first experiment, males maintained with only one hermaphrodite reduced the time they spent as males in comparison to males maintained with no conspecifics, presumably because total reproductive output is maximized by two individuals being simultaneous hermaphrodites when the mating system is a pair. Conversely, males maintained in groups with two or more hermaphrodites increased the time they spent as males in comparison to single males. This delay in maturation was not an effect of resource depletion with increasing shrimp density because the growth rate of males did not differ among most of the experimental treatments. One hypothesis to explain this social mediation of sex allocation is that the smaller males are more successful in mating as males than are the larger hermaphrodites: it will pay reproductively for males to delay maturation as hermaphrodites in large but not in small groups. In agreement with this notion, a second experiment demonstrated that smaller males were four times more successful than were larger hermaphrodites in inseminating shrimps reproducing as females. The informative cue that males may use to perceive different group sizes deserves further attention. 相似文献
464.
Elise D. Ferree 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(1):109-117
Theory, empirical examples, and recently, proximate mechanisms point to the possibility of adaptive sex ratio adjustment in
various organisms. General predictions state that a female should adjust her offspring sex ratio to maximize the benefits
or minimize the costs of reproduction given her physical condition or current social and environmental conditions. I tested
for an influence of male attractiveness on brood sex ratio in a population of dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis thurberi) by manipulating a male’s white outer tail feathers (“tail white”). Experimentally increasing male tail white did not significantly
affect sex ratio, nor was premanipulated male tail white significantly related to brood sex ratio. However, the amount of
white on the female’s outer tail feathers, independently of female condition, was positively related to the number of sons
in a brood. Determining how a female’s potential genetic contribution to her sons’ attractiveness influences offspring sex
ratio should be a priority for future research. 相似文献
465.
区域土地利用类型的胁迫转换与优化配置——以三峡库区为例 总被引:30,自引:1,他引:30
三峡大坝蓄水淹没土地、库区移民安置和新城及工矿迁建等带来了库区土地利用结构与布局的巨大变化。为此,如何构建符合景观生态学原理和可持续发展准则的宏观土地利用类型新格局,不仅是近10年内百万移民安置和生产布局的重点,而且关系到库区未来经济、社会与资源、环境的协调和可持续发展。论文分析了在土地淹没与置换的胁迫条件下,库区土地资源类型转换的方式与过程;从要素控制、地段设计到系统模式优化的不同层次,提出了库区土地生态设计模式与措施;并从产业协调发展的角度,提出了库区土地利用优化配置的方案。 相似文献
466.
资源研究工作如何面向社会主义市场经济是资源科研机构深化改革中必须解决的重要问题。本文着重从社会主义市场经济对资源配置的要求,自然资源的价格改革和管理,资源的综合利用和节能降耗等方面进行分析,提出了资源研究为社会主义市场经济服务的四条途径。即保证继续进行必要的基础性研究和软科学研究,加强自然资源的非传统性开发研究,资源综合利用与环境保护研究以及资源经济学的研究。 相似文献
467.
Each National Park Service unit in the United States produces a resources management plan (RMP) every four years or less.
The plans commit budgets and personnel to specific projects for four years, but they are prepared with little quantitative
and analytical rigor and without formal decision-making tools. We have previously described a multiple objective planning
process for inventory and monitoring programs (Schmoldt and others 1994). To test the applicability of that process for the
more general needs of resources management planning, we conducted an exercise on the Olympic National Park (NP) in Washington
State, USA. Eight projects were selected as typical of those considered in RMPs and five members of the Olympic NP staff used
the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the eight projects with respect to their implicit management objectives.
By altering management priorities for the park, three scenarios were generated. All three contained some similarities in rankings
for the eight projects, as well as some differences. Mathematical allocations of money and people differed among these scenarios
and differed substantially from what the actual 1990 Olympic NP RMP contains. Combining subjective priority measures with
budget dollars and personnel time into an objective function creates a subjective economic metric for comparing different
RMP’s. By applying this planning procedure, actual expenditures of budget and personnel in Olympic NP can agree more closely
with the staff’s management objectives for the park. 相似文献
468.
469.
基于AHP LP法的南水北调中线水资源优化配置 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
水资源是不可替代的重要自然资源和战略性经济资源,水资源优化配置是解决水资源问题的重要手段。为促进区域水资源供需状况相对平衡,按可持续发展的要求,根据区域水资源优化配置的含义和南水北调河北省受水区的具体情况,以有限水资源综合效益最大为目标,考虑水源可供水量、用户需水量和水环境与经济系统协调发展等约束,采用层次分析法与线性规划法相结合的方法,建立了水资源优化配置模型,并对模型的目标函数、约束条件和主要参数确定进行了初步探讨。最后用该模型进行了南水北调河北省受水区2005年和2010年95%保证率下的水资源优化配置研究,并对求解结果进行了分析、评价及展望。结果表明,南水北调工程实施后,能够解决河北省受水区严重缺水的状况。 相似文献
470.