简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum木质素降解能力

从土壤中分离得到一株真菌经鉴定为简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum,将该菌用于木质素类化合物利用、染料脱色、天然木素降解及产酶特性等研究,充分证实该菌具有木质素降解能力.简青霉降解木质素是木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、漆酶(Lac)和木聚糖酶共同作用的结果,降解主要发生在LiP与木聚糖酶活高产的初级代谢阶段,与白腐真菌表现出不同的作用机制.25d培养可使稻草木质素绝对量损失0.23g,降解率达14.94%,同时纤维素、半纤维素也有较高程度的降解.而pH值、Cu²⁺和Mn²⁺浓度对木质素的降解有较大影响.     

菌株scl-2对苯线磷、哒嗪硫磷和丙溴磷降解的研究

研究了有机磷农药降解菌株Arthrobacter sp.scl-2对苯线磷、哒嗪硫磷和丙溴磷的降解特性,结果表明菌株scl-2可以利用苯线磷、哒嗪硫磷和丙溴磷为唯一磷源生长.菌株scl-2降解苯线磷、哒嗪硫磷和丙溴磷的最适温度均为30℃,哒嗪硫磷的降解在初始pH8时速度最快,而丙溴磷和苯线磷的最适初始pH均为7,偏酸偏碱均不利于菌株对苯线磷、哒嗪硫磷、丙溴磷的降解.利用气相色谱-质谱联机鉴定了苯线磷、哒嗪硫磷、丙溴磷的降解产物,分别为3-甲基-4-甲硫基苯酚、6-羟基-2-苯基-2-氢哒嗪酮和4-溴-2-氯苯酚.     

DMF降解菌MBYD-1的分离、鉴定及降解特性

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离得到一株能以二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为唯一碳、氮源生长的菌株MBYD-1.经形态观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株初步鉴定为假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas sp.).菌株MBYD-1降解DMF的最适条件为:pH 7.0,30℃.当DMF浓度为400mg/L,接种量为2%时,菌株能在72h内将DMF完全矿化.底物广谱性实验表明,菌株MBYD-1能在甲酸盐和甲醛中很好地生长,在甲酰胺中的生长情况优于二甲胺.     

Biosorption potential of Cr(VI) by Kocuria sp. ASB107, a radio-resistant bacterium isolated from Ramsar,Iran

Heavy metal pollution in soil and wastewater is a worldwide environmental issue in which microorganisms play a significant role for its removal. In the present study, biosorption of Cr(VI) by the live and dead cells of Kocuria sp. ASB107, a radio-resistant bacterium, was investigated. The effect of contact time, solution pH, initial hexavalent chromium concentration and adsorbent dose on biosorption efficiency was studied. Also, live cells were further immobilised on various matrices by different techniques and then were examined for tolerance to chromium biosorption. Experimental results indicated that the removal efficiency of chromium increased with decrease in pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and also increase in adsorbent dose and the contact time. The maximum removal efficiency of live and dead cells at acidic pH of 4–4.5, contact time of 24 hours, adsorbent dose 1.6?g/100?mL and initial chromium concentration 25?mg/L were 82.4% and 69.2%, respectively. The adsorption data was described well by Langmuir isotherm model. Among all immobilisation techniques tested, cross-linking showed the highest biosorption of Cr(VI). Results indicated that live cells of Kocuria sp. ASB107 were better than dead ones.     

Combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) improved the bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil

This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) in the bioremediation of spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soils. A. millisoni were collected from the Botanical Garden of University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The stock culture of hydrocarbonoclastic Bacillus sp. was used for the bioremediation study. A set-up of eight pots containing 1000?g soil sample and 20?g of cow dung were mixed with 100, 75, 50 and 0?mL SEO respectively. Each of the set up was subjected to bioremediation agents; A. millisoni alone, Bacillus sp alone, A. millisoni and Bacillus sp, no treatment (control) in duplicate. Treatment of 100?ml SEO contaminated soil with combined A. millisoni and Bacillus sp resulted in significantly (P? bacterium > vermi-remediating agents. Earthworms exposed to 100?mLSEO-contaminated soil had higher CAT, SOD, and GPx activities compared to the control. Findings indicated that A. millisoni with Bacillus sp. can synergistically improve bioremediation of SEO contaminated soils.     

不同形态氮对洋河水库螺旋鱼腥藻和惠氏微囊藻生长的影响

利用室内培养试验比较研究了硝酸盐氮和氨氮对洋河水库螺旋鱼腥藻和惠氏微囊藻生长的影响. 结果表明:ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)均在0.05～10 mg/L内时,螺旋鱼腥藻的生长曲线无显著性差异,氨氮更有利于螺旋鱼腥藻的生长;在0.05～10 mg/L内,ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)的升高能明显促进惠氏微囊藻的生长,但高浓度的氨氮可能会抑制其生长. 当ρ(硝酸盐氮) 为0.05 mg/L时,螺旋鱼腥藻比生长速率(0.239 d-1)大于惠氏微囊藻(0.166 d-1); ρ(氨氮)为0.05和0.5 mg/L时,螺旋鱼腥藻的比生长速率分别为(0.266±0.012)和(0.303±0.005)d-1,大于惠氏微囊藻的比生长速率(0.096±0.004)和(0.272±0.008)d-1. 提示在ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)较低的培养条件下,螺旋鱼腥藻比生长速率更高,更易成为优势藻种. 洋河水库近2年优势种逐渐从螺旋鱼腥藻转变为惠氏微囊藻,可能是水体中ρ(氮)的变化所致.      

低浓度下4个取代苯污染物与硝酸铅的混合对发光菌的联合毒性

多种污染物混合特别是低浓度下的混合对生物的联合毒性是生态毒理学研究的热点之一。选择了3类污染物苯酚、间甲基苯酚、苯胺、对硝基苯胺、硝酸铅,采用美国微板光度计测定了它们对发光菌青海弧菌-Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67)的单一及联合毒性。应用非线性拟合技术模拟了这5种物质及其混合物的剂量-效应曲线,硝酸铅可用Logit模型模拟,其它4个物质能用Weibull模型准确描述,所有拟合相关系数在0.98以上,均方根误差在0.02以下。根据纯物质的EC50值,获得这5个物质的毒性强弱顺序:硝酸铅〉对硝基苯胺间甲基苯酚苯酚苯胺。混合实验设计了各物质在EC50、EC1、无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration,NOEC)比例的混合。用浓度加和(dose addition,DA)和独立作用模型(independent action,IA)对混合物毒性进行预测。IA基本准确预测了这5个物质在各自EC50混合的毒性。DA与IA模型都稍微过高地预测了以EC1及NOEC浓度比例混合的联合毒性,但都在毒理学实验容许的范围之内。这5个物质以NOEC混合时对测试生物Q67没有产生明显毒性,但是还不能判定这些物质在此浓度下混合是安全的。污染物在各自的NOEC浓度下混合是否对其它生物有潜在的威胁还需更多毒理学实验支持。     

一株尼古丁高效降解菌株的分离鉴定和降解特性

从杭州利群环保纸业有限公司库存废烟叶中分离得到一株尼古丁高效降解菌株ZUTSKD.经形态、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌株属于Pseudomonas sp.,命名为Pseudomonas sp. Strain ZUTSKD.该菌能以尼古丁为唯一碳氮源和能源生长,降解尼古丁最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.5.添加氯化铵和葡萄糖有利于尼古丁的降解.在尼古丁的代谢产物中能够检测到3-(2,3,4-三氢-5-吡咯基)-吡啶,2,3′-二吡啶, 可天宁和3-羧基-吡啶.该研究表明,ZUTSKD菌株有很强的尼古丁降解能力,可用于处理烟草废弃物.     

呋喃丹降解菌CFDS-1的筛选鉴定及降解特性

为有效治理呋喃丹的污染,从受呋喃丹长期污染的土壤中分离筛选到一株高效降解呋喃丹的菌株CFDS-1,经形态、生理生化、16S rDNA(GenBank accession No.AY702969)同源性及系统发育地位等分析,将其初步鉴定为Sphingomonas sp.当接种量为5%时,CFDS-1能在48 h内降解100 mg L-1的呋喃丹,对于高达300 mg L-1的呋喃丹依然有降解效果;CFDS-1对呋喃丹的降解率与起始接种量呈正相关;降解呋喃丹的最适pH是8.0～9.0;在20～42℃范围内,温度对CFDS-1降解呋喃丹没有显著影响;该菌在250 mL三角瓶中装液量为100 mL时,对呋喃丹的降解效果最好.土壤实验表明,该菌株同样能有效地降解土壤中的呋喃丹残留.     

一株富集铯的微生物及其在植物修复中的应用

利用一株分离自重金属污染土壤的伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia）,研究其对放射性核素铯的耐性、富集,并在水培籽粒苋（Amaranthus cruentus L）并接种伯克氏菌,研究接种伯克氏菌对籽粒苋生长和吸收铯的影响。结果表明：伯克氏菌D54在铯浓度达到50 mmol.L-1的培养基中能正常生长,含铯1 mmol.L-1的100 mL液体培养基中接种1%活化菌液培养3 d后,收集到0.173 7 g干重菌体,菌体铯的质量分数达到45 mg.g-1,培养基中铯的去除率达58.77%。接种伯克氏菌促进籽粒苋生长,在Cs浓度分别为0、200、500、1 000μmol.L-1条件下,籽粒苋地上部的生物量分别增加30.91%,9.29%,42.71%,74.50%,根的干物质量分别增加36.01%、62.89%、55.17%、63.50%。籽粒苋的根、茎、叶中铯含量分别增加27.94%~43.58%、14.9~34.51%、6.31%~11.48%。接种伯克氏菌籽粒苋的耐受指数（TI%）增加11%~28%,生物富集率（BR）增加5%~9%。