冻融循环及有机肥配施对黑土中镉形态的影响

以黑龙江黑土为对象,研究了冻融循环及有机肥配施量对黑土中镉形态分布的影响。对配施不同有机肥的土壤样品进行5次冻融循环,采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析土壤样品中镉的赋存形态。结果表明,冻融循环数及有机肥的配施有助于降低黑土中的总镉量;冻融循环会促使黑土中的镉由交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态向铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态转化,而增加有机肥配施量会使黑土中的镉由交换态向其他形态转化。因此,冻融循环及有机肥配施有助于降低土壤中镉的生物有效性,进而降低其环境风险。     

石化企业资产交易活动中的环保资产评估

环保资产评估是石化企业资产评估的重要组成部分，涉及资产所有者、经营者和使用者的合法权益，应当加以关注。借鉴现有资产评估的方法，提出了企业资产交易活动中有关环保资产评估的几个基本概念、主要内容、原则、范围、方法和标准，并做了简要说明。     

炭素生产中的炭尘排放总量控制与重点点源管理

以建立量化控制指标和重点管理为手段，研究炭尘重点点源排放规律，从强化污染源管理入手实行全过程控制以实现污染物排放总量控制。     

Effect of Weekend Road Traffic on the Use of Space by Raptors

Abstract:  The traffic load near large cities may show dramatic cyclical changes induced by weekend tourism, and this could induce cyclical changes in the activity patterns of wildlife. We studied a 19-km-long section of a road that crossed a high-use raptor area near a large city in Spain. We observed 18 raptor species along this segment of the road, including some threatened species, such as the Spanish Imperial Eagle ( Aquila adalberti ). The number of cars increased dramatically on Saturdays and Sundays, so we assessed the effect of varying traffic loads on raptor behavior by recording all birds of prey as close or distant to the road during working days and weekend days. On weekends, the occurrence of Spanish Imperial Eagles and vultures decreased near the road. The occurrence of other species did not change between working days and weekend days. The activity decrease on weekends by Imperial Eagles and other large raptors suggests that there are weekly cycles in raptor activity. Weekly cycles in wildlife caused by human activity are a source of concern in conservation biology.     

多硫化钙对铬污染土壤处理效果的长期稳定性研究

稳定化修复技术逐渐成为我国现阶段重金属污染土壤修复的主要技术,其修复后验收主要通过分析土壤重金属的浸出浓度来评价修复效果,然而该验收指标未反映土壤重金属在不同情景下的长期稳定性.本研究以经稳定化药剂多硫化钙(CPS)处理前后的某电镀厂铬(Cr)污染土壤为对象,开展多pH浸出、模拟酸雨淋溶、冻融循环和干湿交替作用下土壤重金属Cr的长期稳定性研究.结果表明:在多pH浸出实验中,稳定化处理后达标土壤(CPS-D-3)在pH大于6.92时,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度大于0.05 mg·L~(-1).在整个试验模拟酸雨淋溶作用的过程中(30年),稳定化处理可以有效抑制Cr向环境中释放,CPS-D-3中的总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的累积释放量比未经稳定化处理的Cr污染土壤(CPS-D-1)分别显著减少了91.86%和99.61%.在冻融循环的过程中,稳定化处理可有效降低土壤中浸出总Cr的含量.经过15次干湿交替后CPS-D-1和CPS-D-3分别比未经过干湿交替作用时浸出总Cr浓度减少了99.96%和96.88%.多pH浸出试验可以作为检验土壤安全的较为敏感的指标,冻融循环、模拟酸雨淋溶和干湿交替评估方法可协助评价重金属的长期稳定性.     

冻融交替处理下湿地土壤可溶性铁的动态变化研究

通过原位土柱模拟实验,对比研究了冻融交替下(-10℃冻结1d后5℃融化7d作为1个冻融周期,共5个周期,并以5℃恒温培养为对照)三江平原典型环形湿地土壤可溶性铁的动态变化.结果表明,冻融交替处理导致了环形湿地3种典型湿地土壤(毛苔草群落的腐殖质沼泽土、乌拉苔草群落的草甸沼泽土和小叶章群落的草甸白浆土)溶液中的pH和Eh在经过第1个冻融周期后大都先升高,而在后4个周期后再逐渐降低;在整个实验过程中冻融组的pH有84.4%低于对照,而Eh则有82.2%的高于对照;各土壤溶液中的可溶性铁都以Fe3+为主,而Fe3+的还原受到冻融交替处理的抑制,无论Fe2+、Fe3+或总铁(TFe)的含量大都低于对照,其中TFe从(1.25±0.16)mg·L-1减少到(0.62±0.08)mg·L-1;不同土类之间,腐殖质沼泽土的pH、Eh和可溶性铁含量变化趋势与草甸白浆土的变化趋势差异显著,处于过渡带的草甸沼泽土则在pH的变化趋势上更接近于草甸白浆土,而在Eh和可溶性铁含量的变化趋势上更接近于腐殖质沼泽土;各土类不同土层之间,冻融交替对湿地上层土壤的影响要小于深层土壤.     

Environmental management in an international consumer goods company

Many management processes and tools can provide companies with information to support their environmental decision making. Risk assessment, environmental auditing, life cycle assessment and environmental reporting are but a few examples. Each of these has typically evolved independently as the need for it has arisen. Today, however, this abundance of tools can lead to confusion: What is the exact objective of each tool? How do they differ? Are some ‘better’ than others? Should they be used in parallel, sequentially or in place of each other? More importantly, how do they fit together into a coherent environmental management framework that will ensure sound environmental and economic decision making in a company? This paper seeks to answer these questions. It describes the overall environmental framework that has been developed internally within Procter & Gamble and which allows the company to make coherent economically and environmentally sound decisions, in both the short- and long-term.     

Effective Long-term Ecological Monitoring Using Spatially and Temporally Nested Sampling

Effective environmental management requires documentation of ecosystem status and changes to that status. Without long-term data, short-term natural variability can mask chronic and/or cumulative impacts, often until critical levels are reached. However, a trade-off generally occurs between sampling in space and time. This study analyses a spatially and temporally nested long-term (12 years) monitoring programme conducted on benthic macrofauna in a large harbour. Sampling was carried out at six sites for 5.5 years, after which only two sites were sampled for the next 5 years. After this period, all six sites were sampled for another 2 years. While ecology is frequently thought of being highly variable, this design was able to detect trends, and cycles, in abundance, with only around 10% of species at each site exhibiting unpredictable temporal variability. Sites exhibiting similar trends in the abundance of a species over the 12.5-year period were generally spatially contiguous, and the spatial scale of change could be assessed. Continuous sampling at two sites identified whether changes in unsampled sites were related to long-term cycles. Moreover, this sampling provided a long-term background of temporal fluctuations against which to assess the ecological significance of observed changes.     

Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: Multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions

Economic resilience is a major way to reduce losses from disasters. Its effectiveness would be further enhanced if it could be precisely defined and measured. This paper distinguishes static economic resilience—efficient allocation of existing resources—from dynamic economic resilience—speeding recovery through repair and reconstruction of the capital stock. Operational definitions are put forth that incorporate this important distinction. The consistency of the definitions is examined in relation to antecedents from several disciplines. The effectiveness of economic resilience is evaluated on the basis of recent empirical studies. In addition, its potential to be enhanced and eroded is analyzed in various contexts.     

近60 年ENSO 事件对鄂尔多斯北部地区气候的影响

通过对鄂尔多斯北部的乌拉特中旗、呼和浩特和包头三个城市近60 年来的降水资料和 气温资料的整理和搜集,研究了ENSO 事件对鄂尔多斯北部地区的气候与灾害的影响。分析数据 得出,自1952 年来,鄂尔多斯北部地区的气候呈变暖变干趋势。1952 年以来鄂尔多斯北部地区 年平均气温增长率为0.48℃ ·10a?1,高于全国的平均气温增长率（0.22℃ ·10a?1）;年降水量则处 于略下降趋势,下降率约为5.5 mm·10a?1,低于全国的平均降水下降率（12.69 mm·10a?1）。厄尔 尼诺年年平均气温高出正常年份0.2℃,而拉尼娜年的平均气温比正常年低0.14℃。厄尔尼诺年 的平均降水量比正常年减少29.2 mm,拉尼娜年的平均降水比正常年减少23.9 mm。厄尔尼诺事 件对鄂尔多斯北部地区的灾害影响比拉尼娜事件更为显著和强烈,厄尔尼诺年鄂尔多斯北部地区 更易发生高温干旱灾害。小波分析指示,鄂尔多斯北部降水周期变化在30 a 尺度内存在2 a、4 a、 8 a 和14 a 的变化周期。