Effects of low concentration biodiesel blends application on modern passenger cars. Part 3: Impact on PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH emissions

This study explores the impact of five different types of methyl esters on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), nitrated-PAH and oxygenated PAH emissions. The measurements were conducted on a chassis dynamometer, according to the European regulation. Each of the five different biodiesels was blended with EN590 diesel at a proportion of 10-90% v/v (10% biodiesel concentration). The vehicle was a Euro 3 compliant common-rail diesel passenger car. Emission measurements were performed over the NEDC and compared with those of the real traffic-based Artemis driving cycles. The experimental results showed that the addition of biodiesel led to some important increases in low molecular-weight PAHs (phenanthrene and anthracene) and to both increases and reductions in large PAHs which are characterised by their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Nitro-PAHs were found to reduce with biodiesel whereas oxy-PAH emissions presented important increases with the biodiesel blends. The impact of biodiesel source material was particularly clear on the formation of PAH compounds. It was found that most PAH emissions decreased as the average load and speed of the driving cycle increased. Cold-start conditions negatively influenced the formation of most PAH compounds. A similar trend was observed with particulate alkane emissions.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

冻融循环作用下岩桥变形破裂及能量转化特征研究*

为研究寒区锁固型岩质边坡的破坏机制,对岩桥试件开展冻融循环试验和单轴压缩试验。以数字图像相关方法为观测手段获得加载过程中的全局应变场,分析冻融循环作用对岩桥变形破裂演化特征的影响。引入能量特征指标,探究冻融岩桥加载过程中的能量耗散和释放规律。研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,试件抗压强度和弹性模量逐渐劣化;冻融循环作用未改变最终破坏模式,均表现为剪切裂纹贯穿中部岩桥造成的失稳破坏。冻融循环作用促进应变集中带的出现和扩展,加剧裂隙周边的应变集中程度。随着冻融循环次数的增加,试件储能极限和应变能峰后转化率逐渐降低,说明冻融循环作用减缓能量耗散和释放;试件最终破坏与能量转化密切相关,储能极限和应变能峰后转化率越大,试件脆性破坏越显著。     

GROUND WATER/SURFACE WATER RESPONSES TO GLOBAL CLIMATE SIMULATIONS,SANTA CLARA‐CALLEGUAS BASIN,VENTURA, CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Climate variations can play an important, if not always crucial, role in successful conjunctive management of ground water and surface water resources. This will require accurate accounting of the links between variations in climate, recharge, and withdrawal from the resource systems, accurate projection or predictions of the climate variations, and accurate simulation of the responses of the resource systems. To assess linkages and predictability of climate influences on conjunctive management, global climate model (GCM) simulated precipitation rates were used to estimate inflows and outflows from a regional ground water model (RGWM) of the coastal aquifers of the Santa Clara‐Calleguas Basin at Ventura, California, for 1950 to 1993. Interannual to interdecadal time scales of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) climate variations are imparted to simulated precipitation variations in the Southern California area and are realistically imparted to the simulated ground water level variations through the climate‐driven recharge (and discharge) variations. For example, the simulated average ground water level response at a key observation well in the basin to ENSO variations of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures is 1.2 m/°C, compared to 0.9 m/°C in observations. This close agreement shows that the GCM‐RGWM combination can translate global scale climate variations into realistic local ground water responses. Probability distributions of simulated ground water level excursions above a local water level threshold for potential seawater intrusion compare well to the corresponding distributions from observations and historical RGWM simulations, demonstrating the combination's potential usefulness for water management and planning. Thus the GCM‐RGWM combination could be used for planning purposes and — when the GCM forecast skills are adequate — for near term predictions.     

粤东中生代火山旋回划分及对比

本文在基本查明火山岩系地层层序及变化的基础上,将粤东地区中生代火山岩划分为上、下两个岩系,四个旋回,对各旋回特征作了简要总结,并进行了区域对比分析。     

规范发展 注重内涵：关于环保投资公司经营对策思考

在调查研究的基础上，针对目前胸国各地环境保护投资公司这一新生金融组织，在组建、经营和管理中存在的主要问题，结合我国环保法律法律和现行经济金融方针、政策、从环保投资的机构形式、资金来源，经济方略和发展方向等方面提出一些对策与建议。     

畜禽粪便冻融作用后磷形态分布及其释放特征

畜禽粪便中磷(P)释放特性与其赋存的形态密切相关,冻融循环可通过改变畜禽粪便的理化性质而影响粪便中P形态的分布,进而影响其后续的释放过程.本研究通过一系列室内模拟实验,探究了冻融循环对不同含水率猪粪中P形态分布的影响,以及冻融循环后粪便中P释放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,与未经冻融猪粪相比,冻融后低含水率粪便中Ca-P、Oc-P和Res-P含量分别下降了47.38%、29.76%和55.19%,NH_4Cl-P和Al-P分别增加了36.82%和23.13%;高含水率猪粪中Ca-P、Oc-P和Res-P含量分别减少了49.59%、41.59%和76.96%,NH_4Cl-P、Al-P和Fe-P含量分别增加了37.34%、32.84%和8.96%.经冻融处理的粪便P的释放速率和累积释放量明显大于未冻融处理的粪便.伪一级动力学方程、Elovich方程、权函数方程均能较好的拟合粪便P释放动力学过程,其中Elovich方程的拟合效果最佳,表明粪便中P释放动力学过程是以扩散为主的反应过程.雨水pH值和共存阴离子会影响粪便P的释放,溶液pH越低或NO~-_3/SO■比值越小,越有利用于粪便P的释放.依据统计数据估算,我国冻融区域内畜禽粪便因冻融导致的P最大释放增量总和约为3.20万t·a~(-1),为降低其面源污染风险需要更好的粪便储存处理措施.     

Business value of toxics reduction and pollution prevention planning

As part of Ontario's Toxics Reduction Strategy, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment provided funding for two years to a partnership of the Ontario Centre for Environmental Technology Advancement (OCETA) and the Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters (CME) to deliver a Cleaner and Greener Manufacturing Program, which will include the development and delivery of training and technical assistance programs on toxics reduction and pollution prevention (P2). Over the next two years, OCETA and CME will be working with small-to-medium sized manufacturers to demonstrate the business value of toxics reduction and pollution prevention planning to help motivate businesses to move into a greener economy.     

全社会资金波动的安全预警模型及实证分析

利用聚类分析、时差相关分析、K -L信息量等方法 ,以国内生产总值发展速度的波动曲线为基准循环曲线 ,对各种经济指标进行分类和筛选 ,从而选定先行、一致、滞后三类指标组 ,运用主成分分析方法编制景气指数 ,以对社会资金的运动安全预警。在此基础上 ,笔者结合我国改革开放以来经济周期波动的实际情况 ,利用所编制的景气指数进行实证仿真分析 ,得到令人满意的结果