通用震害预测基础数据库管理系统

由于震害预测数据量多面广，以文件格式存取的数据不利于数据的管理与维护，也不利于GIS二次开发，因此建立一套较为完整的震害预测基础数据库管理系统，不仅有助于防震减灾信息管理与地震应急辅助决策系统后台的数据维护和管理，也便于更有效地应用所有数据资源。在广州市部分城区震害预测与防御对策研究中开发的震害预测基础（属性）数据库管理系统，是在我国城市震害预测与防御对策研究中第一次采用SQL Server 2000和基于C／S结构及数据字典管理的震害预测数据库。该系统功能完善，应用方便，实用性和扩充能力强，并可方便地移植到其它应用中。     

Transport and Immobilization of 2,4,6 15N-Trinitrotoluene in Soil Microcosms Subjected to Long Term Incubation Under Aerobic Conditions

¹⁵N-labeling and solid-state ¹³C and ¹⁵N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to study the immobilization of 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT) into soil organic matter (SOM). Uncontaminated soil from the Ap horizon of a Luvisol was mixed with ¹⁵N-TNT (enrichment: 99 atm%) and laid over an unspiked layer of the same material. The latter covered soil from the Bt horizon. The microcosms were aerobically incubated under laboratory conditions for up to 11 months. After 1 week, within the total microcosm approximately 90% of the added ¹⁵N (¹⁵N_add) were recovered, mostly in the top layer (87%). After 11 months, this amount decreased to 71%, indicating losses due to denitration or transamination. Within two months, half of ¹⁵N_add had been immobilized in the residues not extractable with organic solvents and water. The amount of the sequestered ¹⁵N_add remained fairly constant until the end of the experiment pointing towards a high stability of TNT-SOM associates. Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR revealed their formation by covalent binding, most tentatively as amides. Complete reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene (TAT) was not prerequisite. The most pronounced downwards movement of ¹⁵N-TNT occurred during the first two months. The major part of it, however, experienced quick immobilization, leaving approximately 10% of ¹⁵N_add recovered in the leachate at the end of the experiment. Calculations indicated contributions of inorganic ¹⁵N_add. Approximately 25% of its organic ¹⁵N_add originated from condensed N, suggesting that in soils the transport of partly reduced TNT is in close association with the organic matter of the soil solution to which they are covalently bound.     

Fate of 14C‐allylalcohol herbicide in soils and crop residues

Abstract

Residue disappearance and leaching of ¹⁴C‐allyl‐alcohol from different soils were studied in laboratory experiments. Additionally, the uptake of residues by lettuce and carrots was investigated in the greenhouse. In laboratory experiments, residue disappearance and leaching from soils was correlated negatively to the organic matter content. In greenhouse experiments with a sandy loam soil at an application rate normally used in practice, an average of 12.5 % of the applied radioactivity was recovered after an eight day interval between application and sowing. Furthermore, an average of 8 % (sum in soil and plants) of the applied radioactivity was recovered after lettuce or carrot growing. Uptake of residues was higher by carrots than by lettuce, and higher by lettuce roots than by lettuce tops. No bioaccumulation was observed. The residues in soils and plants were, to a high percentage, unextractable and, to a smaller extent, fully water‐soluble products. Unchanged allylalcohol could not be detected by the analytical methods used.     

C/N比调控污泥厌氧发酵产酸的数学模型研究

采用改进粒子群算法对ADM1模型中的关键参数进行了估计,经敏感性分析,确定了Monod最大比吸收速率、半饱和值、产物对底物的产率等3种参数对产酸速率具有较大影响.应用修正后的动力学参数对ADM1模型在不同C/N比调控下污泥厌氧发酵产酸结果进行了模拟.结果表明,模拟产酸数据和实测数据误差较小,说明修正后的ADM1模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对产酸的影响.     

芦芽山土壤有机碳和全氮沿海拔梯度变化规律

研究不同海拔梯度和坡向的土壤碳氮分布,能在较小的空间尺度上反映不同气候状况下土壤碳氮分布规律,揭示多个互相关联的环境因子对土壤碳氮分布规律的综合影响。对山西省北部芦芽山芦芽山沿海拔梯度土壤有机碳和全氮含量的变化规律进行了分析。自海拔1703.1 m至2756.3 m每上升约50 m设置一个样带（共计21块）,每样带内布设30 m＆#215;30 m样地3个,每个样地内“S”形布点,分3层（0~10、10~25、25~40 cm）钻取土样。结果表明,在研究海拔范围内土壤垂直剖面自表层向下有机碳质量分数分别为（35.71±13.32）、（29.18±12.85）和（26.39±12.74） g＆#183; kg-1,全氮质量分数分别为（2.83±0.93）、（2.38±0.84）和（2.12±0.80） g＆#183; kg-1。土壤有机碳和全氮含量的分布特征均表现为随海拔升高而增加的趋势,与海拔呈极显著的线性正相关。土壤有机碳含量与海拔线性模型的回归系数在10~25 cm土层最大,而全氮与海拔线性模型的回归系数随土层深度增加而递减。土壤有机碳含量最高值出现在较高海拔处寒温性针叶林下,而土壤全氮含量最高值出现在最高海拔的亚高山草甸。碳氮含量的剖面分布呈现为表层（0~10 cm）最高,随深度下降而递减。研究区土壤C/N值介于5~19,最小值为海拔最高（2756.3 m）的亚高山草甸,而最大值为较高海拔分布的寒温性针叶林（2332.6 m）,沿海拔梯度表现呈“Λ”型的变化趋势。     

层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价黄姜皂素生产工艺

运用层次分析-灰色关联分析法评价了6种黄姜皂素生产工艺. 用层次分析法确定了12项指标〔酸耗系数、水耗系数、能耗系数、单位产品废水COD_Cr产生量、废气产生量、固体废物产生量、污染物处理效果、环保成本(年环境代价/产品年产量)、环境系数(年环境代价/年产值)、成本投资、运行费用和资源综合利用收益)〕的权重,其中水耗系数、废水COD_Cr产生量、酸耗系数的权重分别为0.216、0.189、0.167,排在前三位,对评价结果影响较大. 通过专家打分、构造决策矩阵等步骤计算不同工艺指标列与最优指标集数据列的关联度,得到6种生产工艺的综合排序. 微波破壁-甲醇提取法的关联度为0.879,为最优工艺;直接分离法、直接分离-板框压滤法、糖化-膜分离回收-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.874、0.803、0.701,依次位列微波破壁-甲醇提取法之后. 直接酸水解法、自然发酵-酸水解法的关联度分别为0.530、0.410,排在最后,建议淘汰. 评价结果可望为黄姜皂素行业的健康发展、水污染防治等方面提供一定依据.      

Durable goods and long-run electricity demand: Evidence from air conditioner purchase behavior

I estimate a dynamic structural model of demand for air conditioners, the most energy-intensive home appliance in the US. The model explores the links between demand for durable goods and expected changes in key attributes: energy efficiency and price. I incorporate expectations explicitly as a feature of the choice setting, and use parameter estimates from the model to calculate durable good demand elasticities with respect to energy efficiency, electricity price, and price of the durable itself. These estimates fill a large gap in the literature, and also shed light on consumer behavior in this setting. Results indicate that consumers are forward-looking and value the stream of future savings derived from energy efficiency.     

微波Sol-Gel制备TiO2的研究及其对活性艳红X-3B的降解

采用微波Sol-Gel法在石英表面制备了负载型TiO2光催化剂,通过紫外吸收光谱和X衍射分析表征了TiO2溶胶的变化过程及锐钛型TiO2的生成。以活性艳红X-3B为模拟污染物进行光催化降解,探讨了微波功率、反应温度和反应时间对微波Sol-Gel法制备TiO2光催化活性的影响。由因素试验确定了最佳工艺条件:微波功率400W,反应温度90℃,反应时间2min。在此条件下制备的TiO2催化剂对活性艳红X-3B溶液进行光催化降解,反应30 min的脱色率达93%,TOC去除率为55%。采用中空纤维膜三相液相微萃取-毛细管电泳(HF-LLLME-CE)联用技术对降解生成的小分子有机物进行了测定。     

二溴海因危险性试验研究

为评价二溴海因(简称DBDMH)在使用、储运过程中的危险性,采用75℃热稳定性试验对二溴海因在高热条件下的稳定性进行了研究,采用C600微量热法测试了二溴海因的放热起始温度、分解热,并依据《联合国关于危险货物运输的建议书-试验和标准手册》对其爆炸性进行了筛选,通过固体氧化性试验和家兔皮肤刺激性/腐蚀性试验分别对二溴海因的氧化性和皮肤刺激性进行了测试。结果表明:二溴海因在75℃热稳定性试验过程中没有出现着火或爆炸,未出现自加热迹象,不属于太不稳定不能运输的物质;其分解反应只有一步,起始反应温度大约为157℃,分解热为384.8J/g,不属于爆炸品;二溴海因具有氧化性,根据《联合国关于危险货物运输的建议书-规章范本》其包装级别为Ⅱ级;在家兔皮肤刺激性/腐蚀性试验中未见不可逆损伤,对皮肤具有强刺激性。     

典型碳纳米材料在水中的凝聚特性比较

以富勒烯(C₆₀)和多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)纳米颗粒悬浮液为对象,采用动态光散射技术对比研究了电解质、有机物等环境因素对其在水中凝聚和稳定性的影响.结果表明,电解质存在下,可通过压缩双电层作用使水中碳纳米材料发生凝聚反应,凝聚过程均符合经典的胶体稳定性(DLVO)理论;MWNTs较C₆₀稳定性弱、更易凝聚;两种纳米颗粒悬浮液对应的Na⁺、Mg²⁺ 和Ca²⁺的临界凝聚浓度均远高于其在天然水体中的含量.Na⁺和Mg²⁺凝聚体系中,腐殖酸(HA)可通过空间位阻作用抑制凝聚发生,且对C₆₀的抑制作用更强.HA可与Ca²⁺发生络合,强化纳米颗粒凝聚反应,并对MWNTs具有更强的强化凝聚作用.不同碳纳米材料和环境因子存在着不同的相互作用关系,将影响其在水中的稳定性.