不同电子受体反硝化过程中C/N对N2O产量的影响

试验采用SBR反应器,分别考察了不同C/N条件下,以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化过程中N₂O产生情况.投加乙醇作为反硝化碳源,以硝酸盐为电子受体时调节C/N分别为0、 1.2、 2.4、 3.5、 5.0和20,以亚硝酸盐为电子受体时调节C/N分别为0、 1.8、 2.4、 3.0、 4.3、 5.2、 6.6和20.6.结果发现,以亚硝酸盐为电子受体时,最佳C/N为3.0,此时N₂O产生量为0.044 mg·L^－１;以硝酸盐为电子受体时,最佳C/N为5.0,此时N₂O产生量为0.135 mg·L^－１,是以亚硝酸盐为电子受体时的3倍.电子受体类型不同时,N₂O产生量的变化趋势类似：在碳源严重不足时,反硝化率和N₂O产生量均很低;碳源相对不足时N₂O产生量增加;C/N过大时,虽然反硝化速率很快,但N₂O产量也急剧增大.可见,与全程硝化反硝化工艺相比,短程硝化反硝化工艺可节省40%碳源,且控制C/N=3,其反硝化过程产生的N₂O远少于全程反硝化.     

Point of decision: when do pigeons decide to head home?

Pigeons released away from their loft usually fly around at the release site for a while before they finally leave. Visual observations had suggested that the moment when the birds decide to head home is associated with a certain change in flying style. To see whether this change is also reflected by GPS-recorded tracks, a group of pigeons equipped with flight recorders was released at two sites about 10 km from their home loft. The initial part of their flight paths was analyzed in order to find objective criteria indicating the point of decision. We selected the highest increase in steadiness as the best estimate for the moment of decision. This criterion allows us to divide the pigeons’ paths in two distinct phases, an initial phase and the homing phase, with the moment of decision, on an average, 2 min after release. The moment of decision marks a change in behavior, with a significant increase in steadiness and flying speed and headings significantly closer to the home direction. The behavior of the individual birds at the two sites was not correlated, suggesting no pronounced individual traits for the length of the initial phase. The behavior during this phase seems to be controlled by flight preparation, exploration, and non-navigational motivations rather than by navigational necessities alone. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

单室型微生物燃料电池处理黄姜废水的性能研究

以黄姜废水为底物,采用单室型微生物燃料电池,验证了MFC处理黄姜废水的可行性,研究了进水COD和SO42-浓度对产电性能的影响.控制电导率和COD等条件一致,黄姜废水最大功率密度为葡萄糖配水的80.3%.低COD浓度条件下MFC产电稳定,功率密度随COD浓度上升而提高,最高为322 mW/m2;当COD提高至2766 mg/L以上时,MFC稳定产电的时长缩短且更新基质后无法恢复最佳产电水平,表明过高的COD负荷会抑制产电微生物活性.COD最终去除率在68.2%~84.8%之间,且随着初始浓度的提高去除率有所下降.进水SO42-浓度的提高使MFC输出功率密度增大,但当SO42-浓度>7 716 mg/L(电导率>8.19 mS/cm)时,继续提高SO42-浓度无法使功率密度增大.与沉淀SO42-后的废水比较,含硫原水的最大功率密度平均下降14.5%,其库仑效率也随SO42-浓度提高明显下降,表明存在SO42-作为电子受体被还原,降低了MFC的效率.     

Pd/C气体扩散电极用于电化学降解五氯酚钠的研究

采用氢气还原法制备出Pd/C催化剂,利用循环伏安曲线（CV）对氧在Pd/C催化剂上的电化学还原行为进行了分析,并由催化剂制备成Pd/C气体扩散阴极,采用先通H₂后通空气的方式在隔膜电解体系中对五氯酚钠进行降解,比较了不同电极体系下五氯酚钠的去除效果.结果表明,在阴极室,Pd/C气体扩散电极通过外界曝气提供的O₂在阴极还原产生H₂O₂,电解100 min后H₂O₂的稳定浓度达到9.8 mg/L.实验制备的Pd/C气体扩散阴极既对五氯酚钠具有还原脱氯作用（通入H₂时）,又促进O₂还原生成H₂O₂（通入O₂时）,它对五氯酚钠的去除效果要好于不掺杂Pd的气体扩散阴极.反应120 min后,五氯酚钠平均转化率和脱氯率均超过80%,反应200 min后TOC平均去除率分别超过75%.采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）等手段分析出五氯酚钠在阴极室还原脱氯的中间产物主要是苯酚,Pd/C气体扩散阴极利用电化学还原脱氯和阴阳极同时氧化相结合对氯酚类有机物的降解是可行的.     

B4C陶瓷基复合材料的海水腐蚀研究

以TiAl金属间化合物为烧结助剂对B4c陶瓷进行活化强化烧结,制备出B。c陶瓷基复合材料,通过电化学阻抗、扫描电镜等手段对其耐海水腐蚀性能进行了研究,并由此对其腐蚀机理进行了探索。在60d的浸泡过程中,海水对B4c复合材料的腐蚀主要表现为对材料中TiB2相的腐蚀,腐蚀过程可分为海水中有害粒子对材料表面氧化膜的穿透、海水对TiB2相腐蚀及TiB2相表面氧化膜重新生成3个阶段,材料的耐海水腐蚀能力呈先下降后上升的趋势。     

Hilbert C~*-模上广义g-框架的不相交性

主要研究了Hilbert C*-模上广义g-框架的不相交性.通过分析算子得到了强不相交性、不相交性及弱不相交性的有关结论.     

产絮凝剂微生物C3强化SBR处理生活污水的试验研究

考察了经C3菌强化的SBR工艺处理生活污水的效果,并与传统SBR反应器进行对比。结果表明,C3菌强化的SBR工艺对有机物、NH4^＋-N和TP的去除率分别为86%,77%和73%,与传统SBR工艺相比,提高了对有机物的降解速率,且引入C3菌有助于产生SND现象,提高脱氮的效率。经C3菌强化后,SBR系统的有机物氧化和氨氮硝化的时间明显缩短,从而提高了处理效率和降低了运行成本。     

外循环三相流化床载体挂膜特性研究

对外循环三相流化床的挂膜进行研究,主要探讨污泥投加量和碳氮比(C/N)对挂膜的影响.结果表明,温度t为20～30℃.活性炭载体粒径r为0.125～0.5 mm时,2 g·L-1污泥投加量为比5 g·L-1更有利于挂膜;C/N在8～12之间时流化床挂膜最快,C/N≥14时流化床挂膜困难,易出现污泥膨胀.在挂膜成功的基础上,研究水力停留时间(HRT)对反应器内悬浮生物量和膜生物量的影响,HRT越长悬浮生物量越大,膜生物量在HRT由1～3 h时,随HRT的增长而增加,HRT超过5h时,膜生物量随HRT增长相应减少,HRT在4～5 h时,两者达到平衡.     

C/N对污泥厌氧发酵产酸类型及代谢途径的影响

研究了污泥的初始C/N对污泥发酵产酸类型的影响及产酸代谢途径.初始C/N在12时,形成的是乙酸型发酵类型;当初始C/N在56左右,可实现丙酸型发酵类型;而当C/N处于156时,则形成丁酸型发酵.不同发酵产酸类型的形成是由优势产酸菌群的改变导致的.末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)微生物种群的结果表明,构成乙酸型发酵类型的主要优势菌群为消化链球菌属;而丙酸型发酵类型中的优势菌群则为丙酸杆菌属;梭菌属则是丁酸型发酵类型中的优势产酸功能菌.有机酸代谢途径中关键酶活性检测结果表明,在低C/N条件下,乙酸的累积主要是通过氨基酸之间的Stickland反应形成,而随着C/N值的增大,导致丙酸和丁酸累积的主要代谢途径转变为糖酵解的丙酮酸途径.     

Toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on the wheat seedlings

The toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on wheat seedlings were evaluated. Wheat seedlings were cultivated in aqueous solution with [C8mim]Br at di erent concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/L). The contents of photosynthetic pigment and proline, peroxidation of membrane lipid, and activities of antioxidation enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) in leaves were measured on day 7 after treatment with [C8mim]Br. The results showed that [C8mim]Br significantly decreased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the wheat leaves and in dry weight of seedlings, while increased the proline content and membrane lipid peroxidation. The results suggested that [C8mim]Br can inhibit photosynthesis and lead to oxidative stress to wheat seedlings.