AERMOD和CALPUFF大气污染扩散模型的对比研究

大气污染控制模式能够分析雾霾的成因和发展趋势,预测大气污染物的迁移和转化规律,并对环境空气质量恶化起到一定的预防作用,系统阐述了AERMOD和CALPUFF大气扩散模型的理论及应用研究进展,并且比较了二者扩散模式的异同及各自适用范围.结果得出,近场范围内(小于50 km)使用AERMOD大气污染控制模型进行污染物的模拟预测,长距离(大于50 km)或复杂流场条件下使用CALPUFF大气污染控制模型,能够对大气污染的模拟预测起到良好预期效果.     

大气扩散模型AERMOD与CALPUFF输入数据的对比研究

科学地选取大气扩散模型是计算结果能够反映客现实际的前提.输入数据处理的正确与否直接影响后续大气扩散模型的预测结果.比较不同模型输入数据之间的差异是模型选取的主要依据之一.文章简述了大气扩散模型AERMOD和CALPUFF的技术流程,对两个模型的气象数据、地理数据和污染源数据进行了对比.对于利用大气扩散模型预测污染趋势具有一定的参考价值和实际意义.     

福建省三明市大气环境容量研究

利用CALPUFF空气质量扩散模型模拟了三明市2011年气象场和二氧化硫、二氧化氮和可吸入颗粒物浓度场,利用监测值对模拟结果进行验证表明了模型的适用性;并基于三明市现状污染源,建立大气污染物传递系数矩阵,结合线性优化模型分别测算了三明市现状环境空气质量标准和新标准下的大气环境容量,并进行比较。研究结果表明,目前三明市主要大气污染物尚有较大的环境容量,但是需要严格控制大气污染物特别是工业和机动车尾气产生的氮氧化物的排放。     

基于复杂地形-气象场的二噁英污染物沉降研究

为了解复杂地形-气象场条件下二噁英类污染物环境影响,选取我国西南某代表性山地,利用CALPUFF预测区域垃圾焚烧、医废与危废项目二噁英类污染物的环境影响,并通过土壤实测数据进行模型分析验证.结果显示：复杂地形-气象场条件下,同一区域不同空间下的风向与风速将会出现明显差异,CALMET气象模块可结合相关资料,模拟计算出可信较高的复杂气象场文件;模型预测显示,在复杂地形-气象场条件下,项目排放的二噁英在土壤中的沉降位置、方向与全年主导风向不完全一致.研究区域土壤沉降量为0.86×10^-3~9.84×10-1ngTEQ/m²;模型模拟医废与垃圾焚烧、危废项目沉降数据与监测数据相关性R分别为0.854,0.287,说明CALPUFF模式在复杂地形-气象场条件下模拟周边土壤二噁英空间分布有一定可信度.     

Impact of NOx Emissions Released from a Gas Turbine-Based Power Plant on the Ambient Air Quality

The number of gas turbine- (GT-) based power plants is rapidly increasing to meet the world’s power demands. Until a few years ago, fossil fuel, and specifically fuel oil, was considered the major energy source for gas turbine operation. Due to the high amount of pollution that fuel oil generates, natural gas has become a popular source of energy due to its lower emissions compared to fuel oil. As a result, many GTs have switched to natural gas as an alternative to fuel oil. However, pollutants expelled from GT-based power plants operating on natural gas impact surrounding air quality. The objective of this study was to examine the dispersion of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emitted from a GT-based power plant located in the Sultanate of Oman. Supported by CALPUFF dispersion modeling software, six scenarios were investigated in this study. The first four scenarios considered a case where the GT-based power plant was operating on natural gas during winter and summer and for open and combined cycle modes. The remaining two scenarios considered, for both open and combined cycle modes, the case where the GT-based power plant was operating on fuel oil. Whether run by natural gas or fuel oil, CALPUFF simulation results for both seasons showed that NO_x concentrations were higher when GTs were used in the combined cycle mode. The concentrations were still lower than the allowable concentrations set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) standards. In contrast, for the case where the power plant operated on fuel oil, the NO_x one-hour average simulated results exceeded the allowable limits only when the combined cycle mode was activated.     

佛山市中心城区工业污染源排放的数值模拟

以广东省佛山市中心城区为研究区域,在分析城区工业污染源排放与分布特征的基础上,应用中尺度气象模式MM5耦合空气质量模式CALPUFF的方法,模拟了中心城区工业污染源排放SO₂的扩散传输过程. 在考虑周边污染源及本地污染物的情况下,发现ρ(SO₂)模拟值与实测值的变化趋势一致,表明模拟方案可较好地反映ρ(SO₂)的时空分布特征. 分析中心城区工业源排放时空分布模拟结果发现,工业污染源排放与分布特征和气象环境是影响城区工业源排放SO2的时空分布的重要因素.      

The use of an atmospheric dispersion model to determine influence regions in the Prince George,B.C. airshed from the burning of open wood waste piles

A means of determining air emission source regions adversely influencing the city of Prince George, British Columbia, Canada from potential burning of isolated piles of mountain pine beetle-killed lodge pole pine is presented. The analysis uses the CALPUFF atmospheric dispersion model to identify safe burning regions based on atmospheric stability and wind direction. Model results show that the location and extent of influence regions is sensitive to wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric stability and a threshold used to quantify excessive concentrations. A concentration threshold based on the Canada Wide PM_2.5 Standard is used to delineate the influence regions while Environment Canada's (EC) daily ventilation index (VI) is used to quantify local atmospheric stability. Results from the analysis, to be used by air quality meteorologists in assessing daily requests for burning permits, are presented as a series of maps delineating acceptable burning locations for sources placed at various distances from the city center and under different ventilation conditions. The results show that no burning should be allowed within 10 km of the city center; under poor ventilation conditions, no burning should be allowed within 20 km of the city center; under good ventilation conditions, burning can be allowed within 10–15 km of the city center; under good to fair ventilation conditions, burning can be allowed beyond 15 km of the city center; and if the wind direction can be reliably forecast, burning can be allowed between 5 and 10 km downwind of the city center under good ventilation conditions.     

CALPUFF模型在洋浦区域环境空气影响评价中的应用

环境空气的预测评价技术方法众多,评价模型多种多样,其应用的技术条件各异,要求的状态参数亦不同。CALPUFF模型作为一种预测分析模型,在区域环境大气预测的分析应用评价中具有其独特的优点与特点。采用CALPUFF模型预测了洋浦经济开发区对环境空气的影响,得到了较好的结果,为提出减缓不利影响对策奠定坚实的基础,为洋浦经济开发区的环境管理提供科学依据。     

本地及周边地区污染排放对深圳市夏季空气质量的影响

运用CALPUFF模型对深圳及周边地区（东莞、惠州、番禺）污染源排放对深圳市空气质量的影响进行了模拟研究,量化了各地区排放对深圳市二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）浓度的贡献j分析了深圳本地各类污染源对环境空气质量的影响。结果表明,虽然深圳本地排放量低于或接近外地源排放总量,但对于这三项污染物,本地源排放对污染物浓度的影响远大于外地源的影响,贡献率达到70％～85％,因此深圳市大气污染控制应以本地污染控制为主,周边控制为辅。要改善深圳市环境空气质量,应全面加强深圳市机动车、船舶、重点工业源、道路扬尘源和电厂污染控制,并大力加强无组织排放面源污染控制。     

济南市冬季重污染过程重点工业源对空气质量影响模拟研究

利用CALPUFF空气质量模式,结合济南市环境空气质量例行监测数据和气象观测资料,模拟分析冬季重污染过程中济南市重点工业高架点源对近地面环境空气质量的影响.结果表明:冬季地面受热后产生的热辐射减弱,大气受热辐射影响变小,易产生逆温天气,大气层结相对稳定,大气垂直运动减弱,使得近地面污染物和水汽不断积聚,形成重污染天气.该重污染过程中,济南市全部源贡献率最大为NO_2,SO_2次之,一次PM_(10)最小,依次为30.64%、17.75%和3.60%;占标率最大为NO_2,SO_2次之,一次PM_(10)最小,依次为8.01%、5.01%、0.72%.同时,上述3项污染物的占标率和贡献率均与监测值相关性较差,说明在不利气象条件下重点工业高架点源对近地面监测点位环境空气质量影响有限.