电子辐照Kapton/Al薄膜力学性能退化规律与机理研究

目的为航天器用Kapton/Al薄膜材料的选用提供数据支撑和高性能Kapton/Al薄膜材料的研制提供理论支持。方法用综合辐照试验装置对Kapton/Al薄膜材料进行电子辐照,用拉力试验机对Kapton/Al薄膜材料开展力学性能拉伸试验,用XPS对其成分和微观结构进行测试分析。结果Kapton/Al薄膜材料的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率随着拉伸速度的增加而降低,随着电子辐照注量的增加呈指数减小,在电子辐照下,薄膜材料分子键发生断裂和交联,C—CO和C—N键断裂发生脱氧和脱氮反应,C—H基团相对含量增大。结论电子辐照将造成Kapton/Al薄膜材料力学性能降低,薄膜材料分子价健的断裂和交联是薄膜力学性能降低的主要原因。     

Review of advances in the thin layer chromatography of pesticides: 2010–2012

Techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (planar chromatography) for the separation, detection, qualitative and quantitative determination, and preparative isolation of pesticides and their metabolites and some related pollutants are reviewed for the period from November 1, 2010 to November 1, 2012. Analyses are described for a variety of samples types and pesticide classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide structure – retention relationships, identification and characterization of natural and synthesized pesticides, metabolism, degradation, mobility, lipophilicity, and mechanism of action are covered.     

TiO2膜光催化降解4，4’-二溴联苯的研究

研究了负载于玻璃上的固定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4’-二溴联苯（4,4’-DBB）的效果,考察了溶液pH值和4,4’-DBB初始浓度等对TiO2膜光催化降解4,4’-DBB的影响,探讨了降解机理。结果表明,TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4’-DBB的效果良好,紫外光照射8h,初始浓度为4mg／L的4,4’-DBB的降解率高达94％,降解速率随着4,4’-DBB初始浓度的增大而下降。在溶液pH：1时,4,4’-DBB的降解效率最高。超声的加入使降解反应的速率加快。经拟合发现4,4’-DBB的降解符合拟一级反应规律,并推导出动力学方程。     

稀性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

泥石流的运动速度是泥石流动力学研究中最重要的参数。稀性泥石流是常见也是危害较大的泥石流类型,准确而简洁地计算稀性泥石流的运动速度非常重要。现有的稀性泥石流平均速度经验公式,在使用上和适用地区上还存在一些问题。本文通过分析一系列稀性泥石流观测资料中的体积浓度与稀性泥石流的运动速度和阻力特征的关系,得出了一个新的计算稀性泥石流平均运动速度的经验公式,该公式能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,适用于一般急流的稀性泥石流;对于缓流稀性泥石流,计算值与观测值相比偏大,但很接近;不适用于缓慢稀性泥石流。本文提出的经验公式,使用简洁,计算稳定,与其他方法计算的稀性泥石流平均运动速度很接近。该速度计算经验公式也适用于稀性泥石流堆积扇上游沟道,但对于堆积扇上的速度,计算值偏大,且越往堆积扇的下游,偏差越大。     

TiO_2膜光催化降解4,4’-二溴联苯的研究

研究了负载于玻璃上的同定化催化剂TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4'-二溴联苯(4,4'-DBB)的效果,考察了溶液pH值和4,4'-DBB初始浓度等对TiO2膜光催化降解4,4'-DBB的影响,探讨了降解机理.结果表明.TiO2膜光催化降解水中4,4'-DBB的效果良好,紫外光照射8 b,初始浓度为4 mg/L的4,4'-DBB的降解率高达94%,降解速率随着4,4'-DBB初始浓度的增大而下降.在溶液pH=1时,4,4'-DBB的降解效率最高.超声的加入使降解反应的速率加快.经拟合发现4,4'-DBB的降解符合拟一级反应规律,并推导出动力学方程.     

水体中常见无机阳离子对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

选择了6种水体中常见的阳离子(Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Al3+、Cu2+、Ni2+),分别考查了其对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响;从光吸收、无机离子本身的性质对光生电子的捕获及传递等讨论了上述离子影响TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应速率的原因。结果表明:由于其不能捕获光生电子,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+本身对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的反应速率影响不大;Al3+吸引电子能力较强,成为光生电子和Cr(Ⅵ)之间的桥梁,促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;浓度为1 mmmol/L时,Cu2+显著地促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原,其主要原因是Cu2+捕获光生电子的能力很强,起到了催化剂的作用,而浓度大于10 mmol/L时,Cu2+形成单质Cu以及对紫外光的吸收都使促进作用降低;Ni2+未充满的d轨道具有获得并传递光生电子的能力,也促进了Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;在浓度同为1mmol/L时,对Cr(Ⅵ)光催化还原的促进作用依次为:Cu2+Al3+Ni2+Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+。     

Diffusive gradient in thin FILMS (DGT) compared with soil solution and labile uranium fraction for predicting uranium bioavailability to ryegrass

The usefulness of uranium concentration in soil solution or recovered by selective extraction as unequivocal bioavailability indices for uranium uptake by plants is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to test if the uranium concentration measured by the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique is a relevant substitute for plant uranium availability in comparison to uranium concentration in the soil solution or uranium recovered by ammonium acetate. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var. Melvina) is grown in greenhouse on a range of uranium spiked soils. The DGT-recovered uranium concentration (C_DGT) was correlated with uranium concentration in the soil solution or with uranium recovered by ammonium acetate extraction. Plant uptake was better predicted by the summed soil solution concentrations of UO₂²⁺, uranyl carbonate complexes and UO₂PO₄⁻. The DGT technique did not provide significant advantages over conventional methods to predict uranium uptake by plants.     

Nano-textured polysilicon solar absorption films

Nano-textured polysilicon (poly-Si) solar absorption films are to be applied to the solar receiver of solar thermal electricity Stirling engine. These films were fabricated by deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films (a-Si:H) into poly-Si films, using the pulse-wave modulation plasma and furnace annealing of the a-Si:H films. This is followed by wet etching of poly-Si films into nano-textured structures. The films are then coated with a-SiN_x:H films as the antireflection and protection layers. It was observed that increasing the pulsed plasma turn-on (t_on) time leads to deposition of less dense a-Si:H film with high hydrogen content and void density. This results in films having low dielectric constant and refractive index, and high optical bandgap. Less-dense a-Si:H film can be transferred into large grain size poly-Si film, using annealing. Also, highly rough nano-textured surface structure can be produced, by etching. The denser a-Si:H film, large grain size poly-Si film, and nano-textured surface poly-Si film can enhance the absorbance of sunlight and reduce the emissivity of far infrared light. The nano-textured poly-Si film coated with an a-SiN_x:H layer can effectively increase the absorbance of sunlight to approximately 85% and reduce the emissivity of far infrared light to 49%. The nano-textured poly-Si/a-SiN_x:H films can be used as efficient solar absorption films for solar thermal electricity Stirling engine.     

Chemical Valorization of Forest and Agricultural By-Products. Obtention,Chemical Characteristics,and Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Family of Hydrophobic Films

Abstract

Esterification of hemicelluloses of the xylan family was performed in order to produce hydrophobic films. Acylation reactions were carried out with lauroyl chloride in the N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride homogeneous system using 4-dimethylaminopyridine as activator and were induced by microwave irradiation. In the experimental conditions used, 108 and 172% mass ratios were obtained for the dodecyl-grafted xylan and heteroxylan, respectively. The degrees of substitution (DS) were 1.3 (maximum 2) for xylan and 1.2 (maximum 2.1) for heteroxylan. These products were further characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy. The mechanical and thermomechanical behavior of this new family of hydrophobic films were analyzed and compared to those obtained from cellulose with a similar DS by the means of tensile tests. Our results indicate that the dodecyl-grafted xylan film presents the best rigidity—resistance to traction ratio.     

Representative measurement of two-dimensional reactive phosphate distributions and co-distributed iron(II) and sulfide in seagrass sediment porewaters

The high degree of heterogeneity within sediments can make interpreting one-dimensional measurements difficult. The recent development and use of in situ techniques that measure two-dimensional distributions of porewater solutes have facilitated investigation of the role of spatial heterogeneity in sediment biogeochemistry. A colourimetric diffusive equilibration in thin films method has been developed that allows two-dimensional, high-resolution measurement of reactive phosphate in sediment porewaters. A method detection limit of 0.22 μM, an effective upper limit of ∼1000 μM and relative standard deviations typically below 5% were achieved. This method was evaluated by deployment in seagrass (Zostera capricorni) colonised sediments, as part of combined probes with similar colourimetric methods for sulfide and iron(II). The two-dimensional, high resolution distributions obtained provide a highly representative measurement of the co-distributions of porewater solutes, allowing heterogeneous features and biogeochemical processes to be observed and interpreted. Microniches of high phosphate concentration >100 μM were observed throughout the distributions and were interpreted to be due to localised zones of rapid organic matter mineralisation, possibly using electron acceptors other than iron(III) oxyhydroxides (e.g. aerobic respiration) as often they did not correspond with microniches of higher Fe(II) concentration.