不同地质背景水库区夏季水-气界面温室气体交换通量研究

岩溶水库水化学特征受碳酸盐岩溶蚀风化产物所控制,形成"富钙偏碱高溶解无机碳"的特殊环境,其水-气界面温室气体交换特征、过程及影响因素与其他非岩溶水库存在较大差异.为揭示不同地质背景控制下典型水库水-气界面温室气体交换的特征及控制机制,选取广西三座不同地质背景的水库[大龙洞水库(岩溶水库)、五里峡水库(半岩溶水库)、思安江水库(非岩溶水库)],同时运用静态箱法(FC)和模型计算法(TBL)对其水-气界面温室气体(CO2、CH4)交换通量进行比较研究.结果表明:1两种方法获得的结果均显示,大龙洞水库库区和出库水体均为大气CO2、CH4的源;五里峡水库库区总体上为大气CO2的汇、大气CH4的源,其出库水体均为大气CO2、CH4的源;思安江水库库区均为大气CO2的汇、大气CH4的源.2无论是岩溶水库还是非岩溶水库,其出库水体温室气体排放量远大于库区,如何控制水库出库水体的CO2、CH4释放问题值得关注.3在没有大量淹没土壤有机质和植物的情况下,由岩溶地下水补给的水库水-气界面CH4交换通量与其他半岩溶水库和非岩溶水库差别较小,但由于富含DIC水体的输入及受水库热分层的影响,其CO2交换通量要明显高于其他非岩溶水补给的水库.     

阿哈水库沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫高分辨率空间分布特征

选取贵州典型高原亚深水型湖库阿哈水库为研究对象,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术获取夏季分层期不同湖区沉积物-水界面磷、铁、硫的原位、二维高分辨分布信息,并结合水化学及沉积物磷形态分析,探讨了沉积物P-Fe-S分布规律及控制因素.结果表明:沉积物-水界面DGT-P的浓度变化范围0.00~0.43 mg·L~(-1),DGT-Fe的浓度变化范围0.00~2.83 mg·L~(-1),DGT-S的浓度变化范围0.00~0.10 mg·L~(-1).阿哈水库沉积物孔隙水磷、铁、硫浓度在垂向分布上没有显著的相关性,DGT-P、DGT-Fe甚至还呈反向变化,这与很多湖泊的研究结果存在明显差异,其原因可能是阿哈水库沉积物具有很高的Fe/P和Fe/S比值,过剩的Fe导致还原态S以FeS/FeS_2形式沉淀后,P仍然被Fe(Ⅲ)固定在沉积物中.阿哈水库沉积物磷形态以Na OH-SRP和BD-P为主,Na OH-SRP含量变化范围为192~604 mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为392 mg·kg~(-1),BD-P含量变化范围为143~524mg·kg~(-1),平均值约为225 mg·kg~(-1).阿哈水库底层水体长期处于厌氧环境,Fe、S地球化学循环对沉积物内源磷释放起着重要控制作用.     

RGO改性介孔TiO2薄膜光催化同步去除Ni2+和SDBS

以钛酸四丁酯（TBT）、天然鳞片石墨为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为介孔模板剂,通过浸渍-提拉法辅助热处理和紫外辐照还原制备介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜,利用XRD、SEM、BET、UV-Vis DRS、FT-IR等对其结构、形貌及性能进行表征.以Ni²⁺和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为目标污染物,考察了介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜光催化去除Ni²⁺和SDBS的反应性能,探讨了GO加入量及pH值对其催化性能的影响.在最佳条件下,进一步研究Ni²⁺/SDBS共存体系中Ni²⁺的光催化还原和SDBS的光催化氧化.结果表明：GO的加入量为1.0wt%时,介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜对单一体系Ni²⁺和SDBS的光催化效率最高,在此条件下,pH=7.5时Ni²⁺还原效率最高,pH=6时SDBS降解效率最高.综合以上实验条件,设定GO加入量为1.0wt%,pH≈6时,Ni²⁺/SDBS共存体系中Ni²⁺和SDBS去除效率均优于Ni²⁺和SDBS单一体系,此时,Ni²⁺还原率为87.9%,SDBS氧化率为95.5%.分析协同光催化机制,TiO₂-SDBS表面复合物在紫外光激发下,SDBS被氧化同时,光生电子及SDBS氧化产物CO₂·^-自由基同步还原Ni²⁺.     

Characterisation of cobalt‐binding proteins in occupational cobalt exposuret†

In animal experimentations cobalt is found to be carcinogenic under conditions which are comparable with a possible exposure of human beings at the workplace.^1,2 Little is known about binding and distribution of incorporated cobalt in blood.

Blood, serum and plasma of workers occupationally exposed to cobalt were analyzed concerning cobalt‐binding. The samples were focused by preparative IEF in layers of granulated gels. The cobalt concentrations in the isolated fractions were measured with the aid of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The whole blood samples exhibit peaks with different sizes in the pH‐5‐ and ‐7‐range. The proportion of these peaks can change with individual samples. In serum and plasma cobalt is found only in the pH‐5‐range.

When separated by gelelectrophoresis under denaturating conditions the cobalt‐fractions in all blood, serum and plasma samples shows a similar protein pattern. Several proteins with different molecular weights are detected in the pH‐5‐fractions, whereas only hemoglobin is found in the pH‐7‐fractions. In agreement with these results is the refocusing in ultrathin‐layer of polyacrylamide. Heterogeneous protein patterns are demonstrated with the pH‐5‐fractions; the pH‐7‐fractions yield only the hemoglobin pattern.

In vivo cobalt is bound to plasma proteins‐perhaps‐albumin^3,4‐and hemoglobin. Till now the chemical structure of the binding is unknown.     

碳黑改性TiO2薄膜光催化剂的结构性质

通过碳黑掺杂制备了改性的TiO₂薄膜光催化剂(CB-TiO₂),并采用液氮吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(DRS)对催化剂的比表面积、物相、晶粒度和最大激发波长等结构性质进行了表征.结果表明,CB-TiO₂的吸附性能大大改善,不同热处理温度下,BET比表面积增加50%～80%;同时碳黑掺杂能够减小催化剂的晶粒尺度,使相变温度降低.相应的光催化降解试验也表明,碳黑改性TiO₂的活性大大提高,其一级反应速率常数为普通TiO₂的1.5倍.     

Deliquescence of Deposited Atmospheric Particles on Leaf Surfaces

A large fraction of deposited aerosol particles on leafsurfaces represents hygroscopic material in a high humidity environment, likely to become deliquescent within the water vapour transpired by the leaf. Microscopic observations on leaf surfaces of beech, kohlrabi and elder leaves grown in a particle-free environment and/or treated with defined particle load are presented. Spreading of deliquescent particles, formation of salt crusts, and encoating of and by waxes was observed. Deliquescence of NaNO₃ particles (deliquescence point 74% RH at 25 °C) was observed on and near the stomata at 35% relative humidity (RH) of the surrounding air, illustrating the influence of the boundary layer. Aerosols are difficult to identify on leaf surfaces, as similar patterns may be produced by deliquescent particles and processes like salt creep. These problems are especially important on leaves from the natural environment if only scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used. These patterns could appear similar to the fused waxes described in forest decline research. Strong gradients are formed between deliquescent particles and the apoplastic solution within the leaf, promoting cuticular and stomatal uptake.     

某厂房主体结构可靠性检测与鉴定

对己使用40年的老工业厂房，按现行《工业厂房可靠性鉴定标准》GBJ144－90进行了可靠性评定。     

The influence of soil macroinvertebrates on primary biodegradation of starch-containing polyethylene films

The primary biodegradability of polyethylene (PE) films containing different percentages of cornstarch (0–50%) and other additives (prooxidant, oxidized polyethylene) was tested using four species of earthworms (Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus terrestris, Aporectodea trapezoides, Aporectodea tuberculata), three species of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana, Blaberus sp.,Blattella germanica), termites (Reticulotermes flavipes), sowbugs (Porcellio laevis), and crickets (Acheta domesticus). These studies were conducted to elucidate the potential role of soil macroinvertebrates in degrading starch/PE biodegradable plastics. The results of the macroinvertebrate bioassays indicate that crickets, cockroaches, and sowbugs consumed starch-containing PE films most readily. In addition, the degree to which the films were attacked and consumed was directly related to the starch content of the film. Films with oxidized polyethylene and those containing prooxidant (vegetable oil and a transition metal catalyst) were also consumed. None of the four species of earthworms tested or the termites showed any activity toward the starch/polyethylene films. These results have important implications for determining the fate of novel plastic formulations which claim to be biodegradable in natural environments. Studies such as these, coupled with studies on microbial degradation, will help provide the type of information needed to assess the environmental fate of biodegradable starch/PE plastics and fill the voids in the scientific database regarding this rapidly developing field.     

珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸粒子与季节变化的相关性

文章主要利用检测单个粒子的薄膜法,探讨了中国珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸(MSA)粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、大小和酸性(pH值)及其一般变化规律。根据在2005年1月至2005年12月间采集的样品的分析结果表明:甲磺酸粒子在大气中的数量浓度在8.6×10-11～26.6×10-11nmol/m3之间变化,粒子百分数在11.4%～34.8%之间变化,当量直径在1.0964～1.5171μm之间变化,酸性(pH值)在1.86～2.71之间变化;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、当量直径和pH值的变化与季节变化具有明显的相关性;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、占总粒子的百分数随气温的升高和海洋生物生长的旺盛而增大,在夏季达到最大值,而随着气温的降低和空气湿度的增大,甲磺酸粒子的当量直径增大、酸性增强,在春季和空气湿度较大时,其当量直径具有最大值、pH值则具有最小值;1天当中,MSA粒子的浓度在下午时达到最大,早晨最小。     

Effects of thickness profile and inner/outer of localized thin area defects on the remaining strength of pressure equipment

When encountering pressure equipment with a structural defect such as a local thinning defect (LTA), a critical question often arises regarding the safety of continued operation. This is primarily determined by the strength at the LTA zone, as it represents the weakest point of the structure. The remaining strength factor (RSF) is proposed as an indicator to evaluate the remaining strength and life of pressure equipment when a severe LTA is identified. The API 579/ASME FFS standard offers a series of practical engineering approaches for field engineers to follow, which have achieved great success. However, it has been found that the simpler Level 1 and Level 2 approaches sometimes fail to differentiate between LTAs on the inner or outer surface of the pressure equipment, yielding identical numerical processes and results. Moreover, the use of critical thickness profiles to replace the actual thickness profile in analysis can lead to overly optimistic estimation of the RSF, posing a potential danger when the RSF is close to the allowable limit. Key issues investigated in this study include: (a) discrepancies caused by the use of simplified critical thickness profiles or parabolic profiles, as API 579 suggested, on the RSF; (b) differences in RSFs when the same LTA is on the inner and outer wall; and (c) comparisons of membrane stress and bending stress, as well as their influences on the RSF at the cross-section of the vessel wall. It can be concluded with certainty that all simplified geometries (CTP and PTP) tend to underestimate the RSF and should be used with caution. Additionally, the actual remaining strength of the outer LTA was found to be slightly lower than that of the inner LTA of identical size. Therefore, when remaining life and derating for prolonged operation are of interest, finite element analysis on pressure equipment with the LTA is recommended.