g-C3N4/TiO2纳米管阵列光阳极的制备及其光电催化降解邻氯硝基苯

采用阳极氧化-涂覆煅烧法成功制备了g-C₃N₄/TiO₂纳米管阵列（g-C₃N₄/TNAs）光阳极,并通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、紫外可见漫反射光谱仪、光致发光光谱仪和电化学工作站等表征分析了g-C₃N₄/TNAs光阳极的形貌、晶形结构、光学特性和光电化学性能.表征结果证实,g-C₃N₄的引入通过缩小禁带宽度扩宽了TNAs的可见光响应范围,提高了光电流密度和光生电子寿命,促进了光生电子和空穴的分离.g-C₃N₄/TNAs光阳极在光电催化体系内对邻氯硝基苯（o-CNB）的降解效率高于其在光催化和电催化体系中对o-CNB的降解效率,且具有良好的稳定性和可重复性.活性物质捕获实验、电子自旋共振测试和能带结构分析表明,g-C₃N₄/TNAs光阳极中TNAs和g-C₃N₄之间存在Z型异质结相互作用机制.在光电催化体系内降解o-CNB的主要活性物质是^?O₂^-、^?OH和光生空穴,而光生电子是次要的活性物质.     

不同施肥方式对东北旱田黑土nirK和nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的影响及黑土保护建议

反硝化过程是土壤氮素循环的重要过程之一,与土壤氮肥损失和温室气体排放紧密相关。通过分析不同施肥方式对东北旱田黑土nirK型和nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的影响及其与N₂O排放的关系,证实黑土中nirK型比nirS型反硝化细菌多样性丰富,且更易受土壤理化性质的影响。施入化肥会降低东北旱田黑土反硝化细菌多样性、N₂O释放量和土壤养分含量,而有机肥的施入虽然可提高土壤养分含量,但是也会显著增加土壤反硝化作用,存在潜在的负面环境效应。因此对黑土地的保护要积极推行种养结合,建立可循环农业体系;适当配施有机肥料,调节黑土微生物活力;大力完善相关制度,营造科学管理新规范,从而构建我国黑土保护的立体格局。     

资源型城市可持续发展对碳排放的影响研究——基于资源依赖的视角

基于2003~2018年285个地级市的面板数据,首先使用双重差分模型考察《全国资源型城市可持续发展规划(2013~2020年)》(以下简称《规划》)对碳排放的影响;其次,探究该政策通过资源依赖这一路径对碳排放的影响效果;进一步地,基于城市区域和城市规模两个视角分析该政策通过资源依赖影响碳排放的异质性效果;最后,探究《规划》的空间溢出效应.结果表明《规划》显著地降低了资源型城市的碳排放;机制分析表明,《规划》能够通过降低资源依赖进而减少碳排放,且产业结构升级和技术进步对《规划》的碳减排效应起到了正向调节作用;异质性分析表明,《规划》通过降低资源依赖进而促降碳排放的效果在东､中部地区以及大城市更为明显;《规划》对本地及周边地区均具有显著的碳减排效应.本研究对于在双碳目标下实现中国资源型城市的可持续发展具有重要的政策启示.     

深圳市不同区域大气CO2变化特征与来源分析

于2020年12月1日~2021年12月1日分别在深圳市大学城和路边站两点位对大气CO₂和CO浓度进行了为期1a的观测.本次观测期间内两点位大气CO₂平均浓度分别为432×10^-6和439×10^-6,均呈现了“秋冬季高、春夏季低”的季节变化特征与“昼低夜高”日变化特征,且日变化特征在早晚高峰期受到交通源排放的显著影响.此外,通过引入CO₂和CO的净变化值得到大学城和路边站两点位的ΔCO₂/ΔCO值分别为136.8~184.8、59.0~119.3,结果表明机动车排放对深圳市大气CO₂贡献突出.     

Hydrothermal-treated Pt/Al2O3 as an excellent catalyst for toluene total oxidation

The preparation of highly active supported noble metal catalysts with a low noble metal loading has always been the ultimate goal of researchers working on catalysis. Hydrothermally treated Pt/Al₂O₃ (Pt/Al₂O₃-H) exhibits better catalytic activity than that (Pt/Al₂O₃-C) treated via the conventional calcination approach. At the high space velocity of 100,000 mL/(g∙hr), the temperature that correspond to 50% toluene conversion (T₅₀) of Pt/Al₂O₃-H is 115°C lower than that of Pt/Al₂O₃-C, and the turnover frequency (TOF) value can reach 0.0756 sec⁻¹. The mechanism by which the hydrothermal approach enhances Pt/Al₂O₃ activity has been investigated. The structure associated with the high catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be retained via hydrothermal treatment. Furthermore, the support is transformed to AlO(OH) with numerous surface hydroxyl groups, which in turn can facilitate the adsorption of toluene. And the synergistic effects of Pt NPs and AlO(OH) increases the contents of Pt in oxidation state and active oxygen, which are beneficial for toluene oxidation.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from water by Z-scheme photocatalysis using TiO2 (rutile) nanorods loaded with Au core–Cu2O shell particles

All-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalysts, containing Cu₂O, TiO₂ (rutile), and Au as the electron mediator, were prepared and applied to the reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions. The Cu₂O–Au–TiO₂ composites were prepared by loading Au core–Cu₂O shell hemisphere particles on TiO₂ (rutile) nanorods using a two-step photocatalytic deposition process. Under ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) light illumination, the Cu₂O–Au–TiO₂ composites exhibited higher photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction activities than those exhibited by single TiO₂ (rutile) and Cu₂O. In this reaction, a precipitate containing Cr, which was considered to be Cr(OH)₃, was deposited site-selectively on the Au core–Cu₂O shell particles of the composites, indicating that the reduction site of the composite was Cu₂O, and the reaction proceeded according to the Z-scheme. The Cu₂O–Au–TiO₂ composites also exhibited photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination. The oxidation state of Cu in the Cu₂O–Au–TiO₂ composite gradually changed from Cu(I) to Cu(II) during the photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction. However the composite maintained its high photocatalytic performance even after oxidation. The role of Au in the Cu₂O–Au–TiO₂ composite was examined by comparing the properties of the Cu₂O–Au–TiO₂ composite with those of the Cu₂O–TiO₂ composite prepared via direct Cu₂O deposition on TiO₂.     

三峡库区消落带落羽杉人工林土壤细菌群落结构多样性及动态变化

消落带是连接陆地与水域的交错地带,具有重要的生态功能,其适生木本植物的种植对消落带土壤的生物地球化学循环起着重要的作用.为探究适生植物对三峡库区消落带环境的适应机制,采用高通量测序技术对消落带退水后适生植物落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)不同生长时期(T1:5月、 T2:7月和T3:9月)的土壤细菌群落组成及多样性进行研究,同时采用PICRUSt2对细菌功能进行预测.结果表明,土壤pH值、硝态氮、铵态氮、土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶等理化指标随时间变化显著(P<0.05);土壤细菌多样性、丰富度和结构也随时间变化而变化,除Chao1以外,根际土壤细菌的α多样性均表现为：T1>T2>T3,非根际土壤细菌α多样性则表现为：T3>T1>T2. RDA分析表明,影响细菌群落的理化指标主要有土壤pH值、脲酶、铵态氮和硝态氮.所有土壤样本中共检测到细菌60门,其中以变形菌门和酸杆菌门为优势细菌门.根据PICRUSt2预测,代谢是落羽杉土壤细菌群落中普遍存在的基本功能,与C、 N和P有关的各代谢途径存在一定的时间差异.以上研究结果有助于加深对三峡消落带植被修复...     

节水灌溉和控释肥施用耦合措施对单季稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

以我国华东地区典型单季稻水稻田(江苏宜兴)的原柱状土为研究对象,通过两年土柱观测试验,研究不同灌溉管理模式(长期淹水CF、间隙灌溉Ⅱ、控制灌溉CI)和氮肥施用(不施氮CK、尿素Urea和控释肥CRF)耦合措施对水稻生长期内CH4和N2O排放和产量的影响,以期优选典型单季稻田减排增效的水肥管理模式.结果表明,两种节水灌溉方式(CI和Ⅱ)均显著影响稻田土壤CH4和N2O排放量及二者的综合温室效应(GWP)和排放强度(GHGI),与CF相比,Ⅱ和CI均显著提高了 N2O排放量(P＜0.05),降低了 CH4排放量(P＜0.05),进而二者的GWP和GHGI分别显著降低28.9％～71.4％和14.3％～70.4％(P＜0.05);两种节水灌溉模式相比,CI较Ⅱ模式呈现较好的CH4减排优势,排放总量降低了 57.7％～91.8％,而二者的N2O排放量无显著性差异(P＞0.05),最终CI对GWP和GHGI的减排效应略优于Ⅱ模式2.0％～56.2％.施用氮肥(Urea和CRF)均显著促进N2O排放18.4％～2547.8％(P＜0.05),其中CRF处理N2O排放量均略高于Urea处理32.7％～78.6％,但无显著性差异(P＞0.05);CH4排放总量对施氮处理的响应随水分管理模式的不同而不同,总体而言,施用CRF较Urea对稻田土壤GWP和GHGI均无显著影响(P＞0.05).相关分析表明,2018年CF模式的Urea处理和Ⅱ模式的Urea、CRF处理中N2O排放通量与田面水NH4+-N浓度分别呈现显著(P＜0.05)和极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01),而二者在2019年CI模式的CK和CRF处理中呈现相反规律;2018年CI模式下CK、CRF处理的N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N浓度呈极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01).节水灌溉和氮肥施用对水稻产量均呈显著影响(P＜0.05),与CF相比,两种节水灌溉模式(Ⅱ、CI)水稻产量均下降了 14.7％～37.7％;CRF处理较Urea处理略提高水稻产量2.5％～7.4％(P＜0.05).综合考虑稻田土壤GWP、GHGI和水稻产量,节水模式与控释肥施用对稻田土壤减排增产的耦合效应仍有待进一步研究.     

Hyperautomobility and Governmentality in Auckland

Abstract

A number of cities around the world are associated with very high levels of private motor car usage, and Auckland provides an example of one of these ‘hyperautomobile’ cities. There are many problems with this system of transportation and dependence on the private car, including environmental, social and city design dimensions. Though there is a clear aspiration to move towards reduced levels of car usage in the city's transport and spatial planning strategies, there are major difficulties in implementation terms. We develop and consider future scenarios to 2041 to reduce these levels of motorization, and subsequent transport CO₂ emissions, with a much greater use of public transport, walking and cycling, urban planning, and low emission vehicles. The current implementability of such a ‘sustainable mobility’ future is however questioned in the current political and social context, and critically debated in terms of the available governance mechanisms and the limited attempts to shape the behaviour of the public. We conclude by calling for a reconsideration of the policy measures being considered, including the range and levels of application and investment; with a much wider framing of the transport planning remit, and carried out within a much stronger participatory framework for decision-making.     

Environmental assessment of two home composts with high and low gaseous emissions of the composting process

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of two home composts with low and high gaseous emissions of the composting process is presented. The study focused on the gaseous emissions of the composting process. Gaseous emissions of methane, nitrous oxides, ammonia and volatic organic compounds of the composting process were experimentally measured in field real trials. The results showed that the differences in gaseous emissions between the two home composts were 4.5, 5.8 and 52 for methane, nitrous oxides and ammonia, respectively. Higher emissions of nitrous oxides and methane affected significantly the category of global warming potential, while higher emissions of ammonia affected mainly the categories of acidification potential, eutrophication potential and photochemical oxidation. The differences found in the compost emissions were attributable to the composting production management (quality and composition of waste stream, frequency mixing of waste, humidity and temperature monitoring, among others) as well as weather conditions (temperature and humidity).