西昆仑地区土地资源

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区,山势巍峨,交通边远不便,过去对其拥有的土地资源缺乏详尽地考察和系统地了解。现根据1987年的考察资料,对西昆仑地区土地资源的社会经济地位、垂直分异规律及其主要类别予以初步总结。     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

中条山东段植被垂直带的数量分类研究

在野外调查的基础上,应用有序样方聚类法对中条山东段植 垂直带进行了数量分类研究,结果为：１．落叶阔叶林带,包括４个亚带：（１）侧柏林带（５００￣８００ｍ）,（２０松栎林带（８００￣１８００ｍ）,（３）栓皮林带（１４００￣２０００ｍ）和（４）杨桦林带（１９００￣２２００ｍ）;２．山地草甸带（２１００￣２３５８ｍ）。此外,与前人的划分结果进行了比较,结果表明,有序样方聚类法的结果更符合实际情况。     

中昆仑山形成时代与隆升幅度——基于夷平面与磷灰石裂变径迹研究

青藏高原北缘蚕眉山地区为主夷平面残留区(属高原腹地),有关火山岩年龄揭示夷平面于13 Ma前已基本形成,并于3.7Ma前解体。在中昆仑山前山和后山分别获得(4.2±0.8)Ma和(3.9±0.6)Ma的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄。夷平面解体年代和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄指示一次明显的构造抬升,并与青藏运动A幕相对应。进一步的地貌-沉积分析表明,昆仑山北面山前盆地上新世—早更新世沉积的厚度巨大的西域组砾岩主要来源于昆仑山的剥蚀作用,证明昆仑山4 Ma左右开始即相对南面高原腹地大幅隆起。根据磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,推算昆仑山区已剥蚀掉的古夷平面(虚拟面)对应现代海拔高度约为8 200 m,而现代高原腹地夷平面残留实体海拔为5 200 m左右,据此计算出昆仑山4 Ma以来较高原腹地(蚕眉山地区)相对抬升了约3 000 m。     

基于TRMM降水订正数据的祁连山地区最大降水高度带研究

采用TRMM卫星反演月降水数据和气象台站实测降水数据,通过误差评估等数理统计方法验证数据,并结合Kriging法对TRMM降水数据进行订正,以此研究了祁连山地区最大降水高度带的时空变化。结果表明：（1）TRMM降水数据在祁连山地区的整体适用性较好。其中TRMM降水数据与台站实测值的年均降水量相关系数达0.94;季节平均降水量的相关系数分别为春季（0.87）、夏季（0.89）、秋季（0.88）、冬季（0.70）。（2）祁连山地区27个气象台站实测值与TRMM降水数据的相关性较好,但在个别台站误差较大且存在低值高估、高值低估的现象。（3）祁连山地区年均降水量自东向西呈减少趋势。东、中、西三段最大降水高度带分别为4100 m、4500 m、4700 m,年均降水量的垂直变化率分别为16.6 mm/100 m、10.8 mm/100 m、9.8 mm/100 m。（4）1998-2016年祁连山地区东、中、西三段降水量均呈波动增加,最大降水高度带也呈波动上升趋势,祁连山地区年内各季节最大降水高度带按夏、春、秋、冬的次序降低。     

祁连山东端地表及地下水水化学时空变化特征

于2016~2017年5~9月采集祁连山东端（乌鞘岭、古浪、天祝）的地表水和地下水样品进行水化学分析,综合运用统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法探究了祁连山东端地表水和地下水主要离子组成特征、来源以及时空变化.结果表明,祁连山东端地表水和地下水化学组成中优势阳离子为Ca²⁺和Na⁺,Ca²⁺的平均浓度为76.897mg/L,占比73.89%;Na⁺的浓度为16.592mg/L,占比15.94%.优势阴离子为HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-,HCO₃^-浓度190.117mg/L,占比68.71%;其次是SO₄^2-,平均值为67.565mg/L,占比为24.42%.乌鞘岭河水、地下水,天祝河水、地下水的水化学类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型,古浪河水、地下水水化学类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺型,处于水化学易变区.不同水体离子来源于岩石风化,主要受碳酸盐与硅酸盐风化溶解共同作用控制,人类活动在一定程度上贡献了水体的离子来源.不同水体主要离子浓度的时间变化特征各不相同,整体上大部分水体的离子浓度随时间变化不明显,总体趋势较平缓.     

Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies

Reviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among-population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (N_e), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increase N_e. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.     

采伐影响下森林景观服务功能变化研究

文章以大兴安岭呼中林业局亚里河林场为研究区,以遥感数据、林相图和采伐设计资料为信息源,选择水源涵养、固土保肥、固定CO2和释放O2四项服务功能,运用景观生态学原理,引用相应模型,估算了研究区1989年和2000年服务功能价值及其空间分布变化;建立历年采伐分布图,计算采伐造成的服务功能价值损失,揭示该损失值与木材生产的经济效益之间的关系,并分析了服务功能价值在各管理区域内的分布。结果表明,1989年服务功能价值为1.85×108元,2000年为1.37×108元,价值20×104元h/m₂以上的面积明显下降。生态服务功能的下降由采伐导致,1989至1999年采伐导致的生态损失价值为0.71×108元,是木材生产获利的1.9倍,采伐损失价值与年出材量呈现相同的变化趋势。最后证明了管理等级区划和限制采伐量,即“天保工程”,将有利于森林植被恢复,大幅度提高整个亚里河林场的生态服务功能。     

黑龙江大兴安岭森林绿色核算研究

在对国内外森林绿色核算研究综述的基础上,对黑龙江大兴安岭1997-2003年森林资源的实物量、价值量和森林绿色GDP等进行了核算。核算结果表明:黑龙江大兴安岭森林的eaGDP(environmentallyadjustedGDP)1997年为38.19×108元,2003年为57.34×108元,年均增长7.01%;森林的eaNDP(environmentallyadjustedNDP)1997年为25.70×108元,2003年为43.96×108元,年均增长9.36%。在森林绿色GDP核算的基础上,进行了资产负债和财富核算。结果表明,1997-2003年,黑龙江大兴安岭林地、林木存量价值呈减少的趋势;森林环境效益呈增加的趋势,反映在社会经济发展中对林地、林木存量的过度开发和利用。森林绿色GDP占GDP的比重和森林资源占国民财富的比重也呈下降的趋势,说明黑龙江大兴安岭虽然在天然林保护工程后,全面禁止天然林采伐,森林的生长量大于消耗量,表现为流量价值有所增加,反映森林是可持续的经营,但从存量上看对国民经济发展的支撑力是下降的。最后,研究指出,应加强生态补偿政策的研究,积极落实森林可持续经营对策和建议加强绿色财富政策的制定,以保证黑龙江大兴安岭森林的可持续发展和绿色财富的增长。     

阿尔金山保护区地表水部分重金属背景值调查与分析

根据实地考察,采集了阿尔金山保护区主要地表水体的水质样本。受考察期限和水质样本保存要求与期限限制,只对样本中铜、锌、镉等重金属指标进行了检测,分析了各指标与《地表水环境质量标准》中不同标准限值的关系,及其在地理空间上的分布规律。本次考察分析的结果可作为后期水质考察的背景信息,是进一步开展保护区水环境调查和研究的基础。