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131.
Gang Yi Xinfei Fan Xie Quan Shuo Chen Hongtao Yu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(2):23
132.
Ancillary benefits of reduced air pollution in the US from moderate greenhouse gas mitigation policies in the electricity sector 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Dallas Burtraw Alan Krupnick Karen Palmer Anthony Paul Michael Toman Cary Bloyd 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2003,45(3):650
Actions to slow atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases also would reduce conventional air pollutants yielding “ancillary” benefits that tend to accrue locally and in the near-term. Using a detailed electricity model linked to an integrated assessment framework to value changes in human health, we find a tax of $25 per metric ton of carbon emissions would yield NOx-related health benefits of about $8 per metric ton of carbon reduced in the year 2010 (1997 dollars). Additional savings of $4–$7 accrue from reduced investment in NOx and SO2 abatement in order to comply with emission caps. Total ancillary benefits of a $25 carbon tax are $12–$14, which appear to justify the costs of a $25 tax, although marginal benefits are less than marginal costs. At a tax of $75, greater total benefits are achieved but the value per ton of carbon reductions remains roughly constant at about $12. 相似文献
133.
R. D. Diab S. J. Foster K. François B. S. Martincigh L. F. Salter 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2005,3(2):91-94
Reliable measurements of pollutant levels in the vicinity of a toll plaza appear to be rare. In order to assess the exposure
of toll booth operators to carbon monoxide, a continuous carbon monoxide monitor was installed at head height in the booth
of a medium density traffic lane at the Mariannhill toll plaza, situated on a busy highway near Durban, South Africa. Measurements
in excess of 500 ppmv were recorded and the high daily mean carbon monoxide concentrations may account for some of the symptoms
such as headaches and general malaise that have been reported by workers in the booths. Generally, carbon monoxide levels
recorded far exceed the recommended limit set by the South African authorities. These results have led to recommendations
regarding the structure of new and existing toll booths to minimize the exposure of toll booth workers to adverse effects
of vehicle-emitted pollutants. 相似文献
134.
通过对一氧化碳危害性的论述,说明了环境中对一氧化碳浓度进行监测的必要性。对基于一氧化碳的理化性质进行的几种检测技术及在此基础上开发的监测仪器,设备进行了分析、比较,阐述了一氧化碳监测技术的现状。 相似文献
135.
Baselines for land-use change in the tropics: application to avoided deforestation projects 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sandra Brown Myrna Hall Ken Andrasko Fernando Ruiz Walter Marzoli Gabriela Guerrero Omar Masera Aaron Dushku Ben DeJong Joseph Cornell 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):1001-1026
Although forest conservation activities, particularly in the tropics, offer significant potential for mitigating carbon (C)
emissions, these types of activities have faced obstacles in the policy arena caused by the difficulty in determining key
elements of the project cycle, particularly the baseline. A baseline for forest conservation has two main components: the
projected land-use change and the corresponding carbon stocks in applicable pools in vegetation and soil, with land-use change
being the most difficult to address analytically. In this paper we focus on developing and comparing three models, ranging
from relatively simple extrapolations of past trends in land use based on simple drivers such as population growth to more
complex extrapolations of past trends using spatially explicit models of land-use change driven by biophysical and socioeconomic
factors. The three models used for making baseline projections of tropical deforestation at the regional scale are: the Forest
Area Change (FAC) model, the Land Use and Carbon Sequestration (LUCS) model, and the Geographical Modeling (GEOMOD) model.
The models were used to project deforestation in six tropical regions that featured different ecological and socioeconomic
conditions, population dynamics, and uses of the land: (1) northern Belize; (2) Santa Cruz State, Bolivia; (3) Paraná State,
Brazil; (4) Campeche, Mexico; (5) Chiapas, Mexico; and (6) Michoacán, Mexico.
A comparison of all model outputs across all six regions shows that each model produced quite different deforestation baselines.
In general, the simplest FAC model, applied at the national administrative-unit scale, projected the highest amount of forest
loss (four out of six regions) and the LUCS model the least amount of loss (four out of five regions). Based on simulations
of GEOMOD, we found that readily observable physical and biological factors as well as distance to areas of past disturbance
were each about twice as important as either sociological/demographic or economic/infrastructure factors (less observable)
in explaining empirical land-use patterns.
We propose from the lessons learned, a methodology comprised of three main steps and six tasks can be used to begin developing
credible baselines. We also propose that the baselines be projected over a 10-year period because, although projections beyond
10 years are feasible, they are likely to be unrealistic for policy purposes. In the first step, an historic land-use change
and deforestation estimate is made by determining the analytic domain (size of the region relative to the size of proposed
project), obtaining historic data, analyzing candidate baseline drivers, and identifying three to four major drivers. In the
second step, a baseline of where deforestation is likely to occur–a potential land-use change (PLUC) map—is produced using
a spatial model such as GEOMOD that uses the key drivers from step one. Then rates of deforestation are projected over a 10-year
baseline period based on one of the three models. Using the PLUC maps, projected rates of deforestation, and carbon stock
estimates, baseline projections are developed that can be used for project GHG accounting and crediting purposes: The final
step proposes that, at agreed interval (e.g., about 10 years), the baseline assumptions about baseline drivers be re-assessed.
This step reviews the viability of the 10-year baseline in light of changes in one or more key baseline drivers (e.g., new
roads, new communities, new protected area, etc.). The potential land-use change map and estimates of rates of deforestation
could be re-done at the agreed interval, allowing the deforestation rates and changes in spatial drivers to be incorporated
into a defense of the existing baseline, or the derivation of a new baseline projection. 相似文献
136.
Stable hydrogen isotopes of two chlorinated solvents, trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), provided by five different manufacturers, were determined and compared to their carbon and chlorine isotopic signatures. The isotope ratio for delta2H of different TCEs ranged between +466.9 per thousand and +681.9 per thousand, for delta13C between -31.57 per thousand and -27.37 per thousand, and for delta37Cl between -3.19 per thousand and +3.90 per thousand. In the case of the TCAs, the isotope ratio for delta2H ranged between -23.1 per thousand and +15.1 per thousand, for delta13C between -27.39 per thousand and -25.84 per thousand, and for delta37Cl between -3.54 per thousand and +1.39 per thousand. As well, a column experiment was carried out to dechlorinate tetrachloroethylene (PCE) to TCE using iron. The dechlorination products have completely different hydrogen isotope ratios than the manufactured TCEs. Compared to the positive values of delta2H in manufactured TCEs (between +466.9 per thousand and +681.9 per thousand), the dechlorinated products had a very depleted delta2H (less than -300 per thousand). This finding has strong implications for distinguishing dechlorination products (PCE to TCE) from manufactured TCE. In addition, the results of this study show the potential of combining 2H/1H analyses with 13C/12C and 37Cl/35Cl for isotopic fingerprinting applications in organic contaminant hydrogeology. 相似文献
137.
碳减排路径模式选择研究——基于私家车管控的个人碳交易和碳税比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了研究大城市私家车碳减排的有效路径,引入个人碳交易概念,提出管控大城市私家车碳排放的设想,制定了个人碳交易管理办法基本内容;运用Cobb-Douglas效用函数建立了管控大城市私家车个人碳交易和碳税的经济模型,依托调研数据定量化研究交通领域的个人碳交易机制,运用Matlab软件绘制了个人碳交易和碳税方案的适用范围图形,并对二者的减排效果进行比较。结果表明:个人碳交易与碳税都可以使消费者减少实际行车里程并保证总效用的增加,个人碳交易比碳税更容易为消费者接受,并能够达到碳减排的效果;在消费领域碳减排初期、社会减排任务量不大时,个人碳交易优于碳税,当减排任务很大时,碳税政策更为有效;碳减排量对消费者刚性需求的影响决定着个人碳交易制度的接受程度。应在北京、上海等大城市或其他城市的拥堵区域试行个人碳交易管控大城市私家车出行的制度,并开展实施细则的研究。 相似文献
138.
后京都议定书时代的二氧化碳排放格局与中国面临的发展挑战 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
阐述了近期世界主要国家的温室气体排放状况,以及2012年<京都议定书>第一承诺期到期后,全球二氧化碳可能的排放格局.分析了气候变化对中国发展带来的挑战.指出气候变化是人类共同面临的挑战,世界各国都在采取各种措施努力减少额外的二氧化碳排放量;作为发展中的温室气体排放大国,中国面临巨大的减排压力,为此,中国必须尽快做出调整,向低碳经济转型. 相似文献
139.
140.
N. Anger B. Brouns J. Onigkeit 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(5):379-398
We investigate the role of domestic allowance allocation and global emissions constraints for the carbon-market impacts of
linking the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) internationally. Employing a quantitative simulation model of the global carbon
market, we find that the economic benefits from connecting the European ETS to emerging non-EU schemes strongly depend on
the regional allowance allocation of the linking participants: In a world of moderate carbon constraints, an economically
efficient regional allowance allocation induces a much stronger fall in total compliance costs than a sub-optimal (i.e. too
high) domestic allocation of emissions permits. However, a more efficient (i.e. stricter) allocation shifts abatement efforts
and compliance costs to energy-intensive industries which are covered by the domestic ETS. We further find that committing
to ambitious global emissions reduction targets (compatible with stabilizing CO2 concentrations at 450 ppm) induces much stronger regional abatement efforts and substantially higher compliance costs for
the abating regions. In such an ambitious climate policy regime, an efficient domestic allocation of allowances is even more
important from an economic perspective: Here, linking emissions trading schemes diminishes the associated compliance costs
on the largest scale.
相似文献
J. OnigkeitEmail: |