Continuing the building's cycles: A literature review and analysis of current systems theories in comparison with the theory of Cradle to Cradle

Recently, the Cradle to Cradle (C2C) theory set ground in the Netherlands, propounding that environmental impact reduction can provide a positive economical impulse to stakeholders. The building industry has warmly received this approach and considers it to be a solution to the above-mentioned burden.However, if the building sector wants to implement C2C into their practice, a paradigm shift is required. Therefore, the sector must overcome the many difficulties it encounters while striving for an eco-effective built environment.Current sustainability strategies focus on reducing the negative environmental impact of buildings. The systems theory of C2C however aims at a positive impact; this could suggest that the state-of-the-art becomes inadequate when adopting C2C as a strategy for improvement.This paper reviews contemporary systems theories and analyses them in the light of C2C, focusing on closed or continuous materials cycles. The paper finalises by describing the hiatus in and correspondence between these current theories and C2C theory.From the study we found that C2C provides new features that help continue materials, energy and water cycles, just as the contemporary theories provide potentially useful additional material for C2C. Moreover, it reveals a striking difference between the state-of-the-art and C2C.     

Controlling substance flows: The case of chlorine

The contribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) to environmental problems in the Netherlands is discussed in an economic context. The economic interactions within the chlorine market, including the link to caustic soda production, are described, and PVC is taken as a case study. Key policy options are evaluated in terms of their potential for environmental improvement. It appears that 95% of CHC emissions causing environmental problems are due to dissipative applications. With respect to the specific problems of ozone depletion and global warming, only a small group of compounds is responsible for most of the impact. Moreover, economic interactions within the group of CHCs can strongly influence the net effect of environmental policy measures. Policies aimed at a reducing volume output of certain specific groups of CHCs will inevitably lead to trade-offs between environmental problems. The environmental impact of a hypothetical ban on CHCs is discussed in relation to the use of PVC as a sink for chlorine. Both these options appear to have drawbacks. Moreover, no absolute conclusion can be drawn until the environmental impact of CHC substitutes is known.     

室内空气质量评价模型探讨

文章按时间顺序介绍了六个评价室内空气质量的数学模型.它们分别是歌舞厅空气质量指标模型、通风条件下室内VOC普适模型、居民住宅甲醛浓度预测模型、办公室甲醛浓度预测模型、通风条件下室内空气品质模型以及多孔建材中VOC扩散系数两尺度模型.针对每一个模型,文章都按照相应的适用条件、建模过程和应用效果进行了综述.目的是总结该领域的最新进展,为当下的检测工作与将来进一步的研究提供参考资料.     

常用高分子装饰材料的燃烧特性

利用先进的锥型量热计研究了五种常用的高分子装饰材料在暴露于不同辐射热通量条件下的燃烧性能,以及用氧指数测定仪测量了这些材料的氧指数,并将这两种方法的实验结果进行了对比。     

活动板房全尺寸火灾实验研究

通过两次板房火灾试验,分析探讨板房的屋面材料和墙板材料的选用、室内可燃物的控制、板房之间的间距、板房之间设防火隔板以及板房的整体结构耐火等问题。得出:(1)板房的屋面材料建议选用:单层彩钢板+阻燃EPS泡沫板+石膏板吊顶。(2)板房中相邻房间之间的隔墙板,建议选用双层彩钢岩棉复合板等;其它墙板选用双面彩钢阻燃EPS复合板。(3)室内可燃物方面注意控制室内可燃物的种类和数量及其分布状况。(4)板房之间的间距考虑尽量放宽,同时尽量缩短房前屋檐的跨度。(5)板房之间设防火隔板可以有效地阻止火焰的蔓延,其防火效果显著。(6)板房整体结构具有一定的耐火功能。     

Emerging electrochemical processes for materials recovery from wastewater: Mechanisms and prospects

• Mechanisms for selective recovery of materials in electrochemical processes are discussed. • Wastewaters that contain recoverable materials are reviewed. • Application prospects are discussed from both technical and non-technical aspects. Recovering valuable materials from waste streams is critical to the transition to a circular economy with reduced environmental damages caused by resource extraction activities. Municipal and industrial wastewaters contain a variety of materials, such as nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), lithium, and rare earth elements, which can be recovered as value-added products. Owing to their modularity, convenient operation and control, and the non-requirement of chemical dosage, electrochemical technologies offer a great promise for resource recovery in small-scale, decentralized systems. Here, we review three emerging electrochemical technologies for materials recovery applications: electrosorption based on carbonaceous and intercalation electrodes, electrochemical redox processes, and electrochemically induced precipitation. We highlight the mechanisms for achieving selective materials recovery in these processes. We also present an overview of the advantages and limitations of these technologies, as well as the key challenges that need to be overcome for their deployment in real-world systems to achieve cost-effective and sustainable materials recovery.     

上海大气质量与材料腐蚀速度的相关关系

为了研究材料腐蚀速度与大气质量的相关关系，进行了材料暴露试验。结果表明：⑴碳钢、铜、铜合金和大理石等材料，其完全暴露的腐蚀速度约为遮蔽暴露腐蚀速度的1倍；⑵铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO2浓度非常相关，与TSP浓度显著相关，碳钢的腐蚀速度与SO2和TSP浓度也有一定的相关性；⑶铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO4^2-湿沉降强度明显相关，而与NO^-3湿沉降强度无明显相关；⑷碳钢的腐蚀速度约为青天铜的50倍，纯铜的15倍。     

工业废液中镍钴的回收及在锂离子电池正极材料中的应用

探索了从废液中回收镍钴在空气气氛下合成锂离子电池正级材料ＬｉＮｉ２Ｃｏ１－ｘＯ２的方法和工艺。结果表明，合成材料的充放电性能都比较好，ＬｉＮｉ０．３Ｃｏ０．７Ｏ２在６００℃６ｈ－７５０℃１６ｈ时制得的产物初始充电容量达１５４．９３８ｍＡｈ／ｇ，接近用分析纯的镍钴原料合成的正级材料ＬｉＮｉ０．３Ｃｏ０．７Ｏ２的首次充电容量（１５６．１４６ｍＡｈ／ｇ），采用镍钴废液合成锂离子电池正极材料，化害为利，经     

Corrosion on cultural heritage buildings in Italy: A role for ozone?

Because of climatic reasons and of reduced concentrations of SO₂, ground-level ozone (O₃) is one of the main air pollutants in Southern Europe. Ozone levels are very high both in rural and urban locations. In the cities, O₃ can affect human health and materials. Regarding materials, most relevant is the exposure to pollutants of cultural heritage buildings. In particular, monuments registered on UNESCO's list of the world heritage require special monitoring. In Italy 34% and 97% of the territory is exposed to corrosion risk higher than the tolerable level for limestone and copper, respectively. The tolerable corrosion level for limestone and copper was also exceeded in the central area of Milan. In this area the tolerable O₃ concentration for copper was calculated. These concentrations (ranging between 30 and 40 μg/m³) cannot be exceeded at unchanged concentration of other pollutants to maintain corrosion levels below the tolerable ones.     

豆腐渣改性及可降解复合材料的制备研究

豆腐渣经脱脂后,用环氧氯丙烷进行醚化改性。以改性豆腐渣、聚乙烯醇(PVA)主要原料,以CaCO3为添加剂,制备改性豆腐渣/PVA复合材料。研究醚化反应条件、组分含量对复合材料吸水率和降解性能的影响。复合材料的吸水率随醚化程度的提高而降低。CaCO3对吸水性有较大影响。复合材料在土壤环境中能够降解,降解60d后失重率达到70%。