Life cycle inventory of recycling portable nickel–cadmium batteries

In this study, the environmental impact of recycling portable nickel–cadmium (NiCd) batteries in Sweden is evaluated. A life cycle assessment approach was used to identify life cycle activities with significant impact, the influence of different recycling rates and different time boundaries for emissions of landfilled metals. Excluding the user phase of the battery, 65% of the primary energy is used in the manufacture of batteries while 32% is used in the production of raw materials. Metal emissions from batteries to water originate (96–98%) from landfilling and incineration. The transportation distance for the collection of batteries has no significant influence on energy use and emissions. Batteries manufactured with recycled nickel and cadmium instead of virgin metals have 16% lower primary energy use. Recycled cadmium and nickel metal require 46 and 75% less primary energy, respectively, compared with extraction and refining of virgin metal. Considering an infinite time perspective, the potential metal emissions are 300–400 times greater than during the initial 100 years. From an environmental perspective, the optimum recycling rate for NiCd batteries tends to be close to 100%. It may be difficult to introduce effective incitements to increase the battery collection rate. Cadmium should be used in products that are likely to be collected at the end of their life, otherwise collection and subsequent safe storage in concentrated form seems to offer the best solution to avoid dissipative losses.     

工业废液中镍钴的回收及在锂离子电池正极材料中的应用

探索了从废液中回收镍钴在空气气氛下合成锂离子电池正级材料ＬｉＮｉ２Ｃｏ１－ｘＯ２的方法和工艺。结果表明，合成材料的充放电性能都比较好，ＬｉＮｉ０．３Ｃｏ０．７Ｏ２在６００℃６ｈ－７５０℃１６ｈ时制得的产物初始充电容量达１５４．９３８ｍＡｈ／ｇ，接近用分析纯的镍钴原料合成的正级材料ＬｉＮｉ０．３Ｃｏ０．７Ｏ２的首次充电容量（１５６．１４６ｍＡｈ／ｇ），采用镍钴废液合成锂离子电池正极材料，化害为利，经     

Materials intensity of GDP: Research issues on the measurement and explanation of change

The intuitively appealing notion that the materials intensity of GDP declines with economic maturity has recently attracted attention: Upon closer inspection the basic concept is seen to be vaguely defined: efforts at measurement do not yield unequivocal results and the causes of change are imperfectly understood. Further research is required using input-output models to trace the impact of technological change on materials consumption for economies at differing levels of development and with differing industrial structures.     

上海大气质量与材料腐蚀速度的相关关系

为了研究材料腐蚀速度与大气质量的相关关系，进行了材料暴露试验。结果表明：⑴碳钢、铜、铜合金和大理石等材料，其完全暴露的腐蚀速度约为遮蔽暴露腐蚀速度的1倍；⑵铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO2浓度非常相关，与TSP浓度显著相关，碳钢的腐蚀速度与SO2和TSP浓度也有一定的相关性；⑶铜、铜合金的腐蚀速度与SO4^2-湿沉降强度明显相关，而与NO^-3湿沉降强度无明显相关；⑷碳钢的腐蚀速度约为青天铜的50倍，纯铜的15倍。