我国北方城市暴雨灾害演化过程及风险分析

提出一种基于灾害演化网络的风险分析方法,针对城市暴雨灾害的演化过程进行了风险分析。利用复杂网络理论构建北方城市暴雨灾害演化网络模型,将危机事件分为三个等级,并探讨了事件级别和出入度的关系;分析城市暴雨灾害链演化特点和暴雨危机事件后果蔓延规律,得到关键危机事件和演化链。结果表明,交通堵塞是我国北方城市暴雨灾害系统中关键危机事件;暴雨灾害演化系统存在短链、长直链和循环链三种结构,其中循环链中的危机事件互为因果,可自行激化,是灾害演化网络控制的关键结构。     

Reverse logistics in Malaysia: Investigating the effect of green product design and resource commitment

Reverse logistics and green product design are green supply chain management practices that are being implemented to demonstrate firm's commitment to environmental sustainability. The generation of waste from electrical and electronic equipments prompts the viability of product recovery to salvage invested material and energy. Selection of various reverse logistics product disposition options relies on products’ residual value and the accessibility of reusable content for re-entry in forward supply chain. This study explores the effect of green product design and resource commitment on reverse logistics product disposition by employing empirical analysis on 89 returned mail survey received from ISO14001 certified electrical and electronic manufacturing firms in Malaysia. The results indicated that design for disassembly is necessary to harvest valuable inventories from every product disposition options except of disposal whereas design for environment and commitment of resources have slight influence on repair and disposal activities. As the evidences show that green product design and reverse logistics product disposition are interrelated, firms ought to undertake environmentally proactive approaches to generate benefits from resources that are undeservingly discarded as landfill waste.     

Development of non-invasive fetal DNA diagnosis from maternal blood

Several attempts have been made to detect and retrieve fetal nucleated cells including nucleated erythrocytes (NRBCs), leukocytes, and trophoblasts in maternal blood. We have recently developed a new method for non-invasive fetal DNA diagnosis from maternal blood. Peripheral blood granulocytes including NRBCs were isolated by a discontinuous density gradient method using Percoll (Pharmasia). NRBCs were found and retrieved at a single cell level using a micromanipulator under a microscope. To determine whether the origin of the NRBCs was maternal or fetal, the NRBCs were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to determine the presence of a Y-chromosome-specific repeat sequence in mothers carrying male fetuses. We were successful in predicting fetal sex accurately in 10 out of 11 samples taken from maternal blood. This new technique opens up fetal DNA diagnosis from maternal blood during the first trimester of pregnancy to the whole population because there is no risk to the fetus or the mother.     

公平与效率协调视角下的中国碳减排潜力与路径

在碳排放公平原则和效率原则协调的基础上计算区域碳减排潜力并设计碳减排路径,对于我国更科学地测算区域碳减排潜力以及更合理地制定区域碳减排路径,从而更好地促进绿色低碳经济发展具有重要意义。选取了1997-2015年29个省级地区数据,通过Super-SBM模型测算了碳排放效率,并以人均碳排放量衡量区域碳排放公平;基于Markov链框架测算了碳排放公平和效率的俱乐部趋同指数,以分析公平和效率原则在考察我国碳减排潜力中的重要性以及在制定碳减排政策时的侧重点,进而在碳排放公平与效率协调的视角下重新测算出各省份的碳减排潜力;在碳排放公平和效率二维矩阵图基础上,基于二者协调的视角设计了碳减排路径。研究发现：（1）我国碳排放公平与碳排放效率的俱乐部趋同程度（固化程度）具有显著差异,碳排放的“长期低效率”比“长期不公平”固化问题更严重。（2）相比于公平与效率相等原则,基于协调原则下的各地区碳减排潜力指数存在变化,这将影响我国碳减排目标地区的划分,进而影响国家碳权分配以及减排责任的分摊。（3）基于各省碳减排的公平性与效率性差异,中国大陆29个省级行政区域可划分为四大类型地区。我国公平效率协调的减排路径是：重点支持“低效低排”型地区,提高其碳排放效率,实施碳排放公平和效率动态协调的碳减排策略。     

Functional relationship between ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea populations in the secondary treatment system of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

The abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea and their amoA genes from the aerobic activated sludge tanks, recycled sludge and anaerobic digesters of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was determined. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to generate diversity profiles, which showed that each population had a consistent profile although the abundance of individual members varied. In the aerobic tanks, the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) population was more than 350 times more abundant than the ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) population, however in the digesters, the AOA population was more than 10 times more abundant. Measuring the activity of the amoA gene expression of the two populations using RT-PCR also showed that the AOA amoA gene was more active in the digesters than in the activated sludge tanks. Using batch reactors and ddPCR, amoA activity could be measured and it was found that when the AOB amoA activity was inhibited in the anoxic reactors, the expression of the AOA amoA gene increased fourfold. This suggests that these two populations may have a cooperative relationship for the oxidation of ammonia.     

中国工业碳减排潜力与路径研究

基于我国工业35个行业2000~2015年的碳排放数据,以Super-SBM模型进行碳排放效率测算,结合劳均碳排放量及劳均工业总产值构造碳排放公平指数,并基于马尔科夫链模型测算碳排放公平及碳排放效率的俱乐部趋同指数,在公平效率协调的视角构造碳减排潜力指数并对35个行业进行碳减排潜力测算,并基于公平-效率二维矩阵图以动态的视角设计我国工业碳减排路径.结果表明：我国工业碳排放公平及碳排放效率均存在较为严重的固化现象,且碳排放效率的固化程度更高,可见我国工业碳减排的效率原则更重要,国家应从效率上挖掘更多的减排潜力;在公平与效率协调视角下测算出来各行业的碳减排潜力较之公平效率相等原则下有所变化,我国工业仍存在较大的碳减排空间;我国工业大部分行业处于"低排放效率、低排放公平"的状态.因此国家应从碳排放效率提升的角度重点扶持"低排放效率、低排放公平"水平类型行业.     

泥沙灾害链及其在灾害过程规律研究中的应用

泥沙灾害是地球表层的主要灾害之一.泥沙灾害具有链锁式反应机制,在一定条件下构成泥沙灾害链.阐述了泥沙灾害链的概念、特点及类型,并以黄河与长江流域的泥沙灾害为例,对其链式特征进行了深入分析.研究表明,泥沙灾害链是泥沙灾害过程的主要表现形式之一,反映了泥沙灾害中隐含的渐发特征和强次生灾害特征,泥沙灾害链是研究泥沙灾害过程规律和特征的重要基础.     

日本福岛核事故后四川省部分生态系统和食物链的γ核素放射性水平调查

本文调查和掌握了四川省部分生态系统中放射性水平,分析了日本福岛核泄漏事故中放射性核素对四川省主要环境介质的影响和放射性核素的迁移和富集情况,了解此次事故对部分食物链和生态系统的影响程度。对气溶胶、沉降物、土壤、植物、动物、人类食物这一链条样品中的238U、232Th、226Ra、40K、137Cs、131I 6种放射性核素进行检测,结果表明,天然放射性核素238U、232Th、226Ra、40K的检测结果均属于环境正常水平,人工放射性核素137Cs、131I低于仪器检出限。所有样品的检测结果均符合相关国家标准,与环境背景值相当,日本福岛核事故在短时间内,未对四川省生态环境和食物链造成放射性影响。     

铁路职工健康管理模式探讨

从专业健康管理人员、健康管理标准化、健康理念及健康管理组织结构等方面概述目前铁路开展健康管理面临的主要问题,提出建立铁路职工健康管理模式的对策和建议,即深化健康管理理念、强化健康信息平台健康管理功能、建立标准化健康管理模式和打造全方位健康管理团队,通过标准化、信息化健康体检数据管理,建立全链条、闭环式铁路职工健康管理模式,对提升铁路职工健康水平具有积极意义。