微生物燃料电池的专利技术综述

检索了微生物燃料电池在中国的发明专利文献,综述了微生物燃料电池在废水处理中的应用及与现有技术中其他水处理技术耦合的专利进展,并对其实际应用的前景进行了展望。     

以焦炭为填料的生物滴滤塔处理含挥发性脂肪酸臭气

在以焦炭为填料的生物滴滤塔对挥发性脂肪酸臭气的处理研究中考察了空床停留时间、臭气浓度、体积负荷以及进气温度等参数对净化效果的影响。结果表明,空床停留时间较长时对臭气降解有利。在停留时间超过97 s时,能实现完全降解;此外,净化率随臭气浓度和体积负荷的不断增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。当臭气浓度为24.29 mg/m³即臭气的体积负荷为3 g/（m³·h）时,去除率约为96%;当臭气浓度增至1 345.74 mg/m³即体积负荷增至18 g/（m³·h）,去除率达100%;然而,当臭气浓度增至4 934.38 mg/m³即体积负荷增至66 g/（m³·h）时,去除率降至73.1%。另外,进气温度对净化率也有一定程度影响。当进气温度较低时,净化效率相对较高。     

颗粒状污泥活性炭流化床吸附处理含铜矿山废水

以城市污水处理厂活性污泥为原料,通过高温热解制备了颗粒状污泥活性炭吸附剂。在自制的流化床吸附装置上研究了该吸附剂对含铜矿山废水的吸附处理效果。实验结果表明：在初始废水pH6、吸附剂加入量15g/L、废水循环流量6.0L/min、吸附时间120min的最佳吸附条件下,废水中Cu²⁺去除率达98.2%。     

UASB-SBR-絮凝工艺处理地沟油制生物柴油废水

采用UASB-SBR-絮凝工艺处理地沟油制生物柴油废水,考察了各个阶段的废水处理效果。实验结果表明：UASB稳定运行阶段进水COD约为15000mg/L时,COD去除率约为87%,出水COD在2500mg/L以下,出水挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度为4~6mmol/L,最佳容积负荷为15.0kg/（m3·d）;采用SBR处理UASB出水,当容积负荷为1.5kg/（m3·d）时,出水COD在200mg/L以下,COD去除率在83%以上,ρ（NH₃-N）在5mg/L以下,TP约为25mg/L。向SBR出水中加入质量分数为5%的聚合氯化铝进行化学除磷,加入量为5mL/L,处理后废水TP为4~6mg/L。处理后废水的COD,ρ（NH₃-N）,TP均达到CJ343-2010《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》的A类要求。     

不同类型生物活性滤床对诺氟沙星的去除

诺氟沙星作为一种抗生素广泛应用于人类日常生活,并大量进入水体环境,给水环境质量和生态系统安全带来隐患。研究了由3种不同填料组成的水平流和复合垂直流生物活性滤床对诺氟沙星的去除效果,结果表明,在水力负荷为0．1m^3／（m^2·d）、进水诺氟沙星浓度为392．11—686．17μg／L（平均浓度为500．97μg／L）条件下,复合垂直流滤床对诺氟沙星去除效果普遍好于水平潜流滤床,以沸石为填料的复合垂直流生物活性滤床对诺氟沙星的去除效果最好,平均去除率为80．61％,说明选择合适填料和合适类型的生物活性滤床可以作为去除诺氟沙星的一种有效方法。     

Effects of Riparian Vegetation and Watershed Urbanization on Fishes in Streams of the Mid‐Atlantic Piedmont (USA)1

Abstract: The joint influences of riparian vegetation and urbanization on fish assemblages were analyzed by depletion sampling in paired forested and nonforested reaches of 25 small streams along an urbanization gradient. Nonforested reaches were narrower than their forested counterparts, so densities based on surface area differ from linear densities (based on reach length). Linear densities (based on number or biomass of fish) of American eel, white sucker and tesselated darter, and the proportion of biomass of benthic invertivores were significantly higher in nonforested reaches, while linear densities of margined madtom and the number of pool species were significantly higher in forested reaches. Observed riparian effects may reflect differences in habitat and algal productivity between forested and nonforested reaches. These results suggest that relatively small‐scale riparian restoration projects can affect local geomorphology and the abundance of fish. Dense vegetative cover in riparian zones and similar or analogous habitats in both forested and nonforested reaches, the relatively small scale of the nonforested reaches, and the low statistical power to detect differences in abundance of rare species may have limited the observed differences between forested and nonforested reaches. There was a strong urbanization gradient, with reductions of intolerant species and increases of tolerant species and omnivores with increasing urbanization. Interactions between riparian vegetation type and urbanization were found for blacknose dace, creek chub, tesselated darter, and the proportion of biomass of lithophilic spawners. The study did not provide consistent support for the hypotheses that responses of fish to riparian vegetation would be overwhelmed by urban degradation or insignificant at low urbanization.     

循环流化床锅炉烟气脱硫除尘技术改造

对承德市热电厂CG35／3．82－MX型循环流化术锅炉的脱硫除尘系统进行了改造,解决了原水膜除尘器效率低,烟法排放严重超标的问题,取得了良好的环境效益,社会效益和经济效益。     

Invasion versus Isolation: Trade-Offs in Managing Native Salmonids with Barriers to Upstream Movement

Abstract: Conservation biologists often face the trade‐off that increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes to reduce extinction risk of native species can foster invasion by non‐native species that enter via the corridors created, which can then increase extinction risk. This dilemma is acute for stream fishes, especially native salmonids, because their populations are frequently relegated to fragments of headwater habitat threatened by invasion from downstream by 3 cosmopolitan non‐native salmonids. Managers often block these upstream invasions with movement barriers, but isolation of native salmonids in small headwater streams can increase the threat of local extinction. We propose a conceptual framework to address this worldwide problem that focuses on 4 main questions. First, are populations of conservation value present (considering evolutionary legacies, ecological functions, and socioeconomic benefits as distinct values)? Second, are populations vulnerable to invasion and displacement by non‐native salmonids? Third, would these populations be threatened with local extinction if isolated with barriers? And, fourth, how should management be prioritized among multiple populations? We also developed a conceptual model of the joint trade‐off of invasion and isolation threats that considers the opportunities for managers to make strategic decisions. We illustrated use of this framework in an analysis of the invasion‐isolation trade‐off for native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in 2 contrasting basins in western North America where invasion and isolation are either present and strong or farther away and apparently weak. These cases demonstrate that decisions to install or remove barriers to conserve native salmonids are often complex and depend on conservation values, environmental context (which influences the threat of invasion and isolation), and additional socioeconomic factors. Explicit analysis with tools such as those we propose can help managers make sound decisions in such complex circumstances.     

EXAMINING LAND USE INFLUENCES ON STREAM HABITATS AND MACROINVERTEBRATES: A GIS APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to assess the relationships between land use patterns and the physical habitat and macroinvertebrate fauna of streams within similar sized watersheds. Eleven second or third order watersheds ranging from highly urbanized to heavily forested were selected along Lake Superior's North Shore. Land use patterns within the watersheds were quantified using readily available digital land use/land cover information, with a minimum mapping resolution of 16 ha. Physical habitat features, describing substrate characteristics and stream morphology, were characterized at sample points within each stream. Principle component and correlation analyses were used to identify relationships between macroinvertebrates and stream physical habitat, and between habitat and land use patterns. Substrate characteristics and presence of coarse woody debris were found to have the strongest correlations with macreinvertebrate assemblage richness and composition. Agricultural and urban land use was correlated with substrate characteristics. Algal abundance, associated with macroinvertebrate compositional differences, was correlated with housing density and non-forest land covers. The use of readily available spatial data, even at this relatively coarse scale, provides a means to detect the primary relationships between land use and stream habitat quality; finer-resolution GIS databases are needed to assess more subtle influences, such as those due to riparian conditions.     

Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River,Yosemite Valley,Yosemite National Park,California, USA

Channel changes from 1919 to 1989 were documented in two study reaches of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park through a review of historical photographs and documents and a comparison of survey data. Bank erosion was prevalent and channel width increased an average of 27% in the upstream reach, where human use was concentrated. Here, trampling of the banks and riparian vegetation was common, and banks eroded on straight stretches as frequently as on meander bends. Six bridges in the upper reach constrict the channel by an average of 38% of the original width, causing severe erosion. In the downstream control reach, where human use was minimal, channel widths both decreased and increased, with a mean increase of only 4% since 1919. Bank erosion in the control reach occurred primarily on meander bends. The control reach also had denser stands of riparian vegetation and a higher frequency of large woody debris in channels. There is only one bridge in the lower reach, located at the downstream end. Since 1919, bank erosion in the impacted upstream reach contributed a significant amount of sediment (74,800 tonnes, equivalent to 2.0 t/km²/yr) to the river. An analysis of 75 years of precipitation and hydrologic records showed no trends responsible for bank erosion in the upper reach. Sediment input to the upper reach has not changed significantly during the study period. Floodplain soils are sandy, with low cohesion and are easily detached by lateral erosion. The degree of channel widening was positively correlated with the percentage of bare ground on the streambanks and low bank stability ratings. Low bank stability ratings were, in turn, strongly associated with high human use areas. Channel widening and bank erosion in the upper reach were due primarily to destruction of riparian vegetation by human trampling and the effect of bridge constrictions on high flow, and secondarily to poorly installed channel revetments. Several specific recommendations for river restoration were provided to park management.