Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric particles during heating period in Harbin, China

Atmospheric particles（total suspended particles（TSPs）; particulate matter（PM） with particle size below 10 μm, PM10; particulate matter with particle size below 2.5 μm, PM2.5）were collected and analyzed during heating and non-heating periods in Harbin. The sources of PM10 and PM2.5were identified by the chemical mass balance（CMB） receptor model.Results indicated that PM2.5/TSP was the most prevalent and PM2.5was the main component of PM210, while the presence of PM10–100was relatively weak. SO-4and NO-3concentrations were more significant than other ions during the heating period. As compared with the non-heating period, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, Zn, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe and K were relatively higher during the heating period. In particular, Mn, Ni, S, Si, Ti, Zn and As in PM2.5were obviously higher during the heating period. Organic carbon（OC） in the heating period was 2–5 times higher than in the non-heating period. Elemental carbon（EC） did not change much. OC/EC ratios were 8–11 during the heating period, which was much higher than in other Chinese cities（OC/EC： 4–6）. Results from the CMB indicated that 11 pollution sources were identified, of which traffic, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and secondary organic carbon made the greatest contribution. Before the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry made a larger contribution. In the heating period, coal combustion and secondary sulfate were higher. After the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry were higher. Some hazardous components in PM2.5were higher than in PM10, because PM2.5has a higher ability to absorb toxic substances. Thus PM2.5pollution is more significant regarding human health effects in the heating period.     

光催化氧化与吸附组合工艺处理C5树脂生产装置污水站废气

本文对碳五树脂生产装置污水站产生的废气提出了针对性的组合处理工艺,并在浙江某树脂生产企业成功应用,取得了较好的效果。     

突发水污染预警应急响应研究与实践的方法学辨析

2005年底松花江硝基苯污染发生至今,我国开展河流突发污染预警应急的研究实践已有10年,有必要对相关应急技术的发展历程及研究实践方法学进行系统梳理.因此,本文运用系统论的原理与方法,对河流突发污染应急预警响应过程中的基础科学问题进行数学抽象与深入剖析.首先梳理归纳了处警后预警应急响应的基本流程,即以"应急溯源"和"风险预警"为主线辅以"应急监测".然后,通过文献计量学分析了预警和溯源的技术成熟度过程及发展趋势.同时,对"污染追踪/溯源"正反问题进行系统论刻画并深入辨析其不确定性与不适定性特征.最后,用相似理论分析和定义了关键研究问题的时空特征尺度.结果表明,本文提出的相关框架、论断和准则可为应急预警响应研究实践提供统一的科学范畴、通用的研究范式与方法论参考.     

From chemical mixtures to antibiotic resistance

In real environment, it is unlikely that contaminants exist singly; environmental contamination with chemical mixtures is a norm. However, the impacts of chemical mixtures on environmental quality and ecosystem health have been overlooked in the past. Among the complex interactions between different contaminants, their relationship with the rise of antibiotic resistance (AR) is an emerging environmental concern. In this paper, we review recent progresses on how chemicals or chemical mixtures promote AR. We propose that, through co-selection, agents causing stress to bacteria may induce AR. The mechanisms for chemical mixtures to promote AR are also discussed. We also propose that, mechanistic understanding of co-selection of chemical mixtures for AR should be a future research priority in environmental health research.     

陕北能源化工基地建立生态工业园模式选择及两种模式构建流程

生态工业园的建设主要有4种模式。通过比较各个模式的特点,针对陕北能源化工基地现状,提出基地建立生态工业园应选择改造重构与产业共生两种模式：绘制流程图,对两种模式的构建流程进行研究。     

纳米二氧化钛/针铁矿的制备及其光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以钛酸丁酯为原料制备纳米级二氧化钛,将其负栽于采用化学沉淀法以九水硝酸铁为原料制备的针铁矿上,对复合材料进行透射电镜分析,确定了制备的最佳影响因素,将2种溶胶进行复合提膜,研究其光催化效率.     

印制电路板生产中油墨废水处理技术研究

油墨废水占印制电路板生产废水总排水量的5％左右,是一种高浓度的有机废水,CODCr质量浓度达15000mg／L。一种可行的、有效的去除油墨废水中的有机成份的方法对印制电路板生产废水总体的CODCr达标至关重要、在此探讨了光助Fenton（UV—Fenton）法中m（FeSO4·7H2O）：m（H2O2）配比、pH值、反应温度和紫外光光照时间等因素对油墨废水处理CODCr效果的影响,并进行了光助Fenton法和酸化凝聚法处理油墨废水CODCr的实验比较。     

短暂交替曝气方式在PSB法处理高浓度苯胺废水中的应用研究

为了降低高动力消耗,探讨不同时间不同方式的曝气处理对光合细菌处理苯胺废水效果的影响,利用酸化-PSB-活性污泥法工艺处理高浓度毒性苯胺废水,在24 h的停留时间下,比较PSB阶段不同曝气时间对苯胺废水处理效果的差异.结果表明:不同时间的曝气处理对光合细菌处理苯胺废水的效果存在差异.曝气时间为2 h的反应器处理效果最佳,COD去除率达96.1%,苯胺去除率达97%,同时,相邻周期交替采用1.2 h曝气处理,废水COD去除率可提高20%以上,苯胺去除率提高了10.9%～14.2%.     

Prenuptial perfume: Alloanointing in the social rituals of the crested auklet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aethia cristatella</Emphasis>) and the transfer of arthropod deterrents

Alloanointing, the transfer of chemicals between conspecifics, is known among mammals, but hitherto, the behavior has not been documented for birds. The crested auklet (Aethia cristatella), a colonial seabird of Alaskan and Siberian waters, alloanoints during courtship with fragrant aldehydes that are released from specialized wick-like feathers located in the interscapular region. Crested auklets solicit anointment at the colony, and prospective mates rub bill, breast, head, and neck over wick feathers of their partners. This distributes aldehydes over the head, neck, and face where the birds cannot self-preen. The resulting chemical concentrations are sufficient to deter ectoparasites. Auklets that emit more odorant can transfer more defensive chemicals to mates and are thus more sexually attractive. Behavioral studies showed that crested auklets are attracted to their scent. Wild birds searched for dispensers that emitted their scent and rubbed their bills on the dispensers and engaged in vigorous anointment behaviors. In captive experiments, naïve crested auklets responded more strongly to synthetic auklet scent than controls, and the greatest behavioral response occurred during early courtship. This study extends scientific knowledge regarding functions of alloanointing. Alloanointing had previously been attributed to scent marking and individual recognition in vertebrates. Alloanointing is described here in the context of an adaptive social cue — the transfer of arthropod deterrents between prospective mates.     

The effect of larval and early adult experience on behavioural plasticity of the aphid parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius ervi</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera,Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

The relevance of the integration of preimaginal and eclosion experiences on the subsequent habitat preferences and mate finding by the adult has been rarely tested in holometabolous insects. In this work, the effect of larval and early adult experiences on the behavioural responses of adult males of the aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, towards volatiles from the host–plant complex (HPC) and from conspecific females were evaluated. Two experience factors were considered: host diet (normal diet=ND; artificial diet=AD), and eclosion, i.e. extraction or non-extraction of the parasitoid larva from the parasitised aphid (extracted=EX; non-extracted=NE). Thus, four treatments were set up: ND/NE, ND/EX, AD/NE and AD/EX. Glass Y-tube olfactometers were used to investigate the responses of adult A. ervi males to the odour sources used. Males from the ND/NE treatment showed a shorter latency to the first choice of olfactometer arms, displayed a marked preference towards the HPC olfactometer arm, and spent more time in the HPC arm than males from the other treatments. Only the interaction of host diet and eclosion experiences proved to be relevant in explaining the differences in latency to first choice, time spent in olfactometers arms, and behaviours displayed in the olfactometer arms. These results show the importance of the integration of larval and eclosion experiences in the development of stereotyped responses of the adults. This process may involve memory retention from the preimaginal and emergence period, but further research is needed to disentangle the contribution of each stage. The response to conspecific females was much less affected by the treatments in relation to first arm choice and times in olfactometer arms, suggesting a pheromone-mediated behaviour, even though a prompter and more intense wing fanning courtship behaviour was registered in the ND/NE males compared to males from the AD/NE treatment. These results show that sexual behaviours are less affected by early experiences than behaviours related with finding a HPC for foraging or oviposition. Taken together, our results demonstrate for first time that larval and eclosion experiences affect in a differential way the early responses of the adult towards environment-derived cues and mate related cues.