Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management

Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOC_S, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM₁₀ and SO₂, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH₃ and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH₃) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM_2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.     

农业合作生产对华北农牧交错区水资源存量和经济效益的影响

针对华北农牧交错区错季蔬菜生产对水资源消耗的争议,通过试验和调查研究相结合的方法,研究了农业“生产－消费”合作生产背景下区域发展错季蔬菜的耗水效果及其对农民收入、水资源存量的影响。结果表明,错季蔬菜生产田间耗水量为农区粮食作物的31.3%~93.3%,而水资源价值为农区粮食作物的4.2~10.7倍;与区域内粮油作物生产相比,错季蔬菜生产少耗水330~754m³/hm²,且其水资源价值为粮油作物的4.0~13.9倍。通过实施粮－菜交换的市场农业战略,区域能用0.175~0.196m³的水交易获得外区域1 m³的水资源,并且实现了研究区用0.93hm²的菜地解决发展错季蔬菜前需要6.9~13.8hm²耕地才能解决的粮食问题。调查表明,通过高效地输出水资源,区域农民收入仅蔬菜一项比全国同期农村人均收入高出了23%。故华北农牧交错区发展错季蔬菜生产是节约和扩大本区域的水资源存量,促进农村脱贫致富、自我发展的有效途径。     

中国生猪耗粮系数时空演变特征

当代中国,生猪饲料粮的生产与消费已经逐渐成为影响我国粮食安全保障的重要问题。耗粮系数是合理测算饲料粮需求量的核心,厘清其时空演变特征对准确测算饲料粮数量具有重要意义。通过着重测算2000—2018年中国不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数,探讨其时空演变特征及可能原因,得到以下主要结论：（1）近年来我国生猪耗粮系数呈现出明显的上升趋势,由2000年的2.39上升至2018年的2.76,年均增长0.023。（2）不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数的差距逐渐缩小,主要受到饲养过程中使用的精饲料占比变化趋同的影响。（3）大规模饲养生猪的粮食转化效率和时间效率均高于其他规模。（4）散养生猪的耗粮系数在空间上呈现“南北高,中部低”,其他规模则呈现“北高南低,中部高东西低”的格局。从提高粮食利用效率的角度,我国生猪养殖宜继续推动大规模饲养。     

中国西南地区金属矿开采对矿区土壤重金属影响的Meta分析

金属矿开采是土壤重金属的最主要来源之一.以往针对单个或少数几个金属矿区的研究尚不足以有效支撑大尺度特别是跨省域尺度内矿区土壤重金属污染的治理.本研究针对我国金属矿产资源丰富的西南地区（云南省、四川省、贵州省、重庆市和西藏自治区）,搜集了有关金属矿开采对土壤重金属影响的文献,采用Meta分析量化了不同情景模式（即不同子区域、矿种和土地利用类型）下金属矿开采对周边土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的影响,最后利用失安全系数与漏斗图检验了研究数据的发表性偏倚.结果表明,我国西南地区金属矿开采整体上显著增加了表层土壤中重金属含量［ES₊（weight effect size）=1.53］,重金属增加量由高到低顺序为：Cd （4109.80%）>Pb （741.49%）>Hg （452.90%）>Zn （420.70%）>As （278.10%）>Cu （138.69%）>Ni （16.18%）,Cr无显著影响;四川和云南采矿对土壤Cd （ES_+四川=4.16;ES_+云南=3.20）和Pb （ES_+四川=3.47;ES_+云南=2.54）的影响较高,贵州采矿对土壤Hg （ES₊=2.80）的影响最高;金属矿开采对耕地土壤（ES₊=1.42）的影响较高;铅锌矿和锡矿开采显著增加了土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的含量,铜矿开采显著增加了土壤Cu、Cd和Pb的含量;以上重金属中,Pb和Zn的研究结果受发表性偏倚的影响（P<0.05）.本研究结果可为西南金属矿区土壤环境保护提供更多的有效信息.     

华东地区重点成矿区带实现矿产资源勘查突破的思考与建议

华东地区是我国钨、铜、铁、金、银铅锌多金属、铀等产业基地,区内分布的重要成矿区带有南岭锡、钨、铅锌成矿带(华东地区主要包含其东段-赣南地区)、武夷山铜、铅锌多金属成矿带和长江中下游铁、铜、(硫)金成矿带。此外,作为扬子、华夏两大地质板块的交接部位-钦杭接合带,铜、铁、稀有金属等也显示出巨大的找矿潜力。本文对该区矿产资源勘查工作进行了系统分析,提出了实现华东地区矿产资源勘查重大突破的建议与对策。     

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The presence of a variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment that can potentially interfere with the production of sex steroid hormones in wildlife and humans has been of increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3betaHSD2, and CYP11beta2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 10(5) L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11beta2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3betaHSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11beta2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. DISCUSSION: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. CONCLUSIONS: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects.     

Spatial character of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil and respirable particulate matter in Taiyuan, China

As one of China’s great metropolises, Taiyuan is affected by heavy chemical industry and manufacture of chemical products, and faces pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the PCB concentrations in various environmental media in Taiyuan. We collected 15 soil samples, 34 respirable particulate matter (PM) samples (17 of PM_2.5 and 17 of PM₁₀) from urban areas of Taiyuan, and measured a total of 144 PCB congeners (including some coeluting PCB congeners). The total PCB concentrations were 51–4.7 × 10³ pg g⁻¹ in soil, 27–1.4 × 10² pg m⁻³ in PM_2.5 and 16–1.9 × 10² pg m⁻³ in PM₁₀. Of the PCB homologues, the dominant PCBs detected in the various media were all tri-CBs. Soil was relatively the most polluted media. Furthermore, principal-component analysis revealed that the major PCB source in Taiyuan may be associated with the main commercial PCB through long-range transmission. Toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations (based on ten dioxin-like PCBs) ranged from N.D. to 5.9 × 10⁻³ pg-WHO TEQ g⁻¹ in soil, 2.0 × 10⁻⁴–3.4 × 10⁻³ pg-WHO TEQ m⁻³ and 1.0 × 10⁻⁴–1.2 × 10⁻³ pg-WHO TEQ m⁻³ in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively. In previous studies, PCBs were not a severe component of contaminant in Taiyuan; however, this study suggested there is a potential threat of human exposure to PCBs for residents of Taiyuan.     

黄海、东海颗粒有机碳的时空分布特征

分析研究了2007年秋季黄海、东海海域颗粒有机碳(POC)的时空分布情况,结果表明:POC的浓度为7.25～766.00μg/L,平均浓度为(97.37±86.35)μg/L,其平面分布呈现近岸高、远岸低的特征,近岸POC的等值线与海岸线平行;垂直分布呈现除底层外随着深度增加逐渐降低的趋势。海水中POC浓度与浊度呈显著正相关,而与叶绿素a无显著相关关系,这表明POC主要来自于陆源输入。对不同海区POC的垂直分布和周日变化的研究结果表明,黄海区由于水深较浅,POC的垂直分布比较均匀,POC周日分布除了受到生物周日活动的影响外还受到潮汐作用的影响。长江口附近海区悬浮颗粒物浓度大小是POC浓度和分布的主要控制因素,垂直分布上表现出表层低底层高的特征。东海陆架区POC的垂直分布和周日变化均受到生物活动和水文条件等因素的共同作用,受黑潮影响的海域POC的浓度都相对较低。     

我国生活用水公平问题研究

在世界各地普遍面临日益严峻水危机的情况下,如何保证有限水量公平分配,已成为我国发展民生水利的重要组成部分,直接关系到我国水资源可持续发展。论文结合现阶段我国基本水情,选择与人民生活密切相关的生活用水,提出一种按城镇生活用水和农村生活用水构建的二元结构模型来计算用水基尼系数,将其作为我国生活用水量分配的公平性判断。根据我国1980、1985、1990、1995、2000、2005年人口、用水定额、城镇生活用水、农村生活用水数据,计算了我国用水基尼系数变化过程。结果表明,我国居民生活用水基尼系数基本趋于稳定,用水总体趋于公平。但1980-2000年一直有增高的趋势。因此,在应对气候变化对我国用水安全的挑战中,必须对此引起重视,防患于未然。     

中国淡水生态系统甲烷排放基本特征及研究进展

本文基于中国境内的湖泊、水库、河流等淡水系统CH₄排放研究的相关成果,对203个湖泊（595个样点）、46个水库（221个样点）、112条河流（441个样点）,总计1257个样点的CH₄通量数据进行统计分析,探讨了中国淡水系统（湖泊、水库、河流）CH₄排放的一般特征,总结了当前研究进展,并进一步估算和评估了中国淡水系统CH₄排放总量水平.结果表明：1）中国湖泊CH₄排放通量平均为（1.17±1.87） mg/（m²·h）,蒙新湖区（（3.84±0.57） mg/（m²·h））和东北湖区（（2.62±3.54） mg/（m²·h））较高,青藏湖区（（1.94±4.13） mg/（m²·h））次之,东部湖区（（0.81±0.90） mg/（m²·h））较低,云贵湖区（（0.19±0.26） mg/（m²·h））最低;湖泊CH₄排放通量呈显著的纬度模式,高纬度地区湖泊CH₄排放高于低纬度地区;2）水库CH₄排放通量（（1.25±1.78） mg/（m²·h））与湖泊相似,水库消落带较高的排放通量（（4.34±4.45）mg/（m²·h））对水库CH₄排放具有重要贡献;3）河流CH₄排放（（0.82±1.14） mg/（m²·h））略低于湖库,长江水系CH₄排放通量（（0.98±2.38） mg/（m²·h））和黄河水系（（0.85±0.75） mg/（m²·h））相近,高于海河水系（（0.54±0.93） mg/（m²·h））,辽河、珠江水系研究较少,数据变异性极大;4）受降水、温度、径流稀释等影响,淡水系统CH₄排放呈显著的季节变化,其中湖库排放夏季高于秋季,冬春季较低,而河流则春秋季高于夏冬季;5）基于外推法估算全国湖泊、水库、河流CH₄排放总量分别约为0.96,0.29,0.76Tg/a,相当于全国湿地系统排放的75%.由于较大的时空变异性以及监测数据分布的不均匀性,目前估算存在较大的不确定性,但淡水系统CH₄排放在全球气候变化中的贡献仍不容小觑.