扩散源污染的定义及其研究意义

介绍了扩散源污染的标准定义、特征、学术活动和未来行动等方面，以期引起国内同行对开展扩散源污染研究的讨论和重视。     

中国穿山甲受危状况评估

中国穿山甲主要分布在我国长江以南地区，少量分布在与我国广西、云南接壤的国家．分析了中国穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)的各种致危因素共19种，并以此评估了它的受危状况．结果表明，中国穿山甲属易受危物种，潜在的绝灭危险较大．较高的受危指数(Ti=0．6947)表明它处于高度受危状态，已成为濒危物种(En)．最关键的外在致危因素是过度狩猎、利用和走私，其次是栖息地的丧失、改变、岛屿化和种群分布格局的片断化．上世纪60年代后至今，估计中国穿山甲种群数量已下降了88．88％～94．12％，栖息地内的种群密度已低至0．001134～0．056头／km^2，较高的狩猎压力以及栖息地的丧失、改变、岛屿化和走私还将持续，受危程度将进一步加重，潜在的绝灭危险继续上升．要缓解中国穿山甲当前的受危状况，减轻狩猎压力，保护好现有栖息地，打击走私是当务之急．依据IUCN红色名录(Red List，version3．1)和我国濒危动物红皮书对受危物种等级标准的定义，以及CITES附录物种等级标准、我国重点保护动物等级标准，中国穿山甲应当从我国濒危动物红皮书中的易危级(Vu)和IUCN红色名录里的低危接近易危(LR／nt)上调为濒危级(En)，由CITES附录Ⅱ上升为附录Ⅰ，由国家Ⅱ级保护动物上升为Ⅰ级保护．图3表1参40     

转基因不结球白菜实验地中外源基因流动及在不向作物中的自然渗入

首次报道了转基因不结球白菜实验地中 ,以除草剂抗性基因bar为标记基因的外源基因流动以及在芸薹属不同栽培作物中的基因渗入情况 .结果表明 ,外源基因能随花粉的散布流动 ,距离转基因花粉源越远 ,流动频率越低 .距离转基因白菜 0～ 3m处为花粉的主要流动区域 ,其频率占总流动率的 5 0 %左右 .2 0m隔离带后基因的流动频率仅为10m隔离带后的 1/2 0 .自然条件下 ,白菜中的外源基因在芸薹属同基因组作物中具有较高的渗入频率 ;在基因组具部分同源性的甘蓝型油菜中具一定的渗入频率 ;不能渗入甘蓝基因组中 .基因的渗入频率与作物间的亲缘性、隔离距离等多因素相关 .探讨了基因流动频率与基因渗入频率的差异 ,提出在有显性标记基因及花粉的供体、受体完全亲合的情况下 ,可以用基因的渗入频率来反应田间的基因流动情况 .图 4表 4参 12     

Predicting the Range of Chinese Mitten Crabs in Europe

Abstract:  Ecological niche modeling provides a means for predicting the potential future distribution of a nonindigenous species based on environmental characteristics of the species' native range. We applied this method to the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) , a catadromous crustacean with a long history of invasion in Europe. We used genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction to predict the potential European distribution of mitten crab based on its distribution in 42 locations in its native Asia. The climatic variables, air temperature, number of days, amount of precipitation, and wetness index, contributed significantly to predictions of native distribution limits. Although the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction model was developed for the native range, the species' extensive distribution in Europe ( n = 434) allowed independent validation of the predictions. Application of the model to Europe was successful, with 84% of occurrences in regions predicted to be suitable by >80% of the models and <4% of occurrences in areas predicted suitable by <50% of the models (mainly along the northern range). At the watershed scale, areas with established mitten crab populations had significantly higher habitat matching than sites that were not invaded. The independent validation of the Asian-based model by the European distribution revealed that predictions were highly accurate. The model also identified large areas of Europe, particularly along the Mediterranean coast, as vulnerable to future invasion. These predictions can be used to develop strategies to control the spread of mitten crab by preventing introductions into vulnerable areas.     

Quantitative and structural analyses of hazardous elements in Chinese medicines and herbs

Thirty samples of Chinese medicines and herbs were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, mainly noting on the hazardous elements arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium, antimony and cobalt. The three Niuhuang Jiedu Pian samples contained 8.6%, 8.3% and 2.2% As. Two out of four Liushen Wan samples contained approximately7% of both As and Hg. Despite being identically named, the other two Liushen Wan samples did not contain such high concentrations. Japanese Liushen Wan for children contained 1.2 ± 0.03% As and 31 ± 12 mg/kg Hg, whereas Liushen Wan for adults manufactured by another Japanese company contained 550 ± 22 mg/kg As and 1.2 ± 0.05 mg/kg Hg. All the chemical structural formulas of As and Hg in the high-concentration Niuhuang Jiedu Pian and Liushen Wan were realgar (As₄S₄), uzonite (As₄S₅) and cinnabar (HgS). Although the human body is generally not believed to absorb sulphides, continuous intake of these Chinese medicines is potentially no good because it is possible that some arsenic-sulfides will dissolve in gastric acid and then alter their chemical structures. Additionally, many herbs contained low concentrations of Hg, and their chemical structures were unknown.     

中药免疫增强剂抗肿瘤作用机理及物质基础

近年来,中药免疫增强剂的作用机理及物质基础逐渐被现代医学不断研究揭示.研究表明中药中的多糖类,苷类,黄酮类,挥发油类等成分能提高机体的免疫能力,能够明显增强免疫器官的重量,增强体液免疫和细胞免疫及促进机体产生细胞因子等作用.参31.     

两种四环素类兽药抗生素对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的毒性效应

采用土培和水培相结合的方法,在预试验研究的基础上,研究砖红壤中不同质量分数金霉素（0～4 000 mg·kg-1）、土霉素（0～25 000 mg·kg-1）和水溶液中不同质量浓度金霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）和土霉素（0～150 mg·L-1）污染对白菜（Brassica pekimensis）种子发芽的抑制与毒性效应。结果表明：（1）当土壤中添加外源土霉素时,白菜种子发芽率总体呈下降趋势。而当添加金霉素时,白菜种子发芽率在85%附近波动,与对照相比,并无显著差异（P〉0.05）。而在水培条件下,金霉素对白菜发芽的抑制作用大于土霉素,但并未达显著差异水平（P〉0.05）。（2）白菜根伸长量随着土壤、水溶液中土霉素和金霉素质量分数或质量浓度的增加而缩短,生长均受到抑制。且与两种抗生素的质量分数或质量浓度均表现为极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）。（3）同一质量分数或质量浓度水平下,发芽率、根伸长、芽伸长对金霉素和土霉素的生态毒性敏感顺序依次为根伸长〉芽伸长〉发芽率。根伸长抑制率可作为诊断土霉素、金霉素对土壤毒性的敏感指标,反映土壤被四环素类抗生素污染的状况。（4）金霉素和土霉素在水培条件下对白菜的IC50值分别为20.32和287.52 mg·L-1。而在土壤中,白菜对金霉素和土霉素的IC50值分别为851.08和14 045.75 mg·kg-1。说明在土霉素对白菜的毒性作用小于金霉素,并且2种抗生素在土壤中对白菜根伸长的抑制效应明显低于水溶液中的抑制效应,这与土壤对抗生素污染有重要的缓冲作用有关。     

铅暴露致中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）幼鱼弯曲畸形与畸形恢复(Exposure of Lead to Juvenile Acipenser sinensis: Effects on Body Deformation and Recovery)

铅是一种常见的污染物,在水环境中广泛分布并在水生食物链中富集,具有持久的生态效应.中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)是我国特有的珍稀濒危大型洄游性鱼类,极具学术价值和生态价值.为了探索中华鲟在生命早期接触铅后的损伤和自我修复机制,采用水溶液静态置换法,从中华鲟受精卵发育至96h开始,进行了16周的Pb2+暴露试验,随后继续6周的排放试验.结果显示:经0.8mg·L-1和1.6mg·L-1的Pb2+暴露16周,中华鲟幼鱼会发生弯曲畸形,而0.2mg·L-1Pb2+暴露组未出现畸形个体.畸形弯曲位置主要发生在近胸鳍起点处以及背鳍起点至尾鳍末端之间,多伴有尾鳍末端下垂.Pb2+暴露浓度越高,畸形弯曲越严重,但未见椎骨变形.畸形个体的自主活动能力和摄食能力明显降低.Pb2+排放后,畸形个体的弯曲程度由重度向轻度转变而恢复正常,弯曲程度越轻恢复越快,畸形恢复个体的自主活动能力和摄食能力均明显得到恢复并逐渐复原.表明中华鲟幼鱼具有较强的排铅能力和铅损伤后的自我修复能力.     

基于粗糙集与灰色SVM的中国CO2排放量预测

从我国CO2排放量的不确定性、不完整性、小样本等特征出发,以灰色系统(GM)模型和支持向量机(SVM)模型为基础,建立基于粗糙集的组合预测模型.利用该模型以我国1990~2011年CO2排放量的数据以及同期的人口数量、GDP和能源消耗总量数据为基础对我国同期CO2排放量进行预测来验证其有效性,最后对我国2012~2017的CO2排放量进行预测.结果表明,灰色系统理论与支持向量机模型仅能够反应我国CO2排放的长期变化趋势,在预测精度上存在一定缺陷而基于粗糙集与灰色SVM的组合预测模型在预测精度上明显优于以上两种方法,能够对我国未来CO2排放量进行准确有效的预测分析.