城镇污水资源化技术发展状况

污水资源化是解决当前水资源短缺，减少环境污染的有效途径，经过几十年的发展，城镇污水资源化技术取得了很大进展，讨论了城镇污水资源化的意义、技术和发展前景。     

Climate Change Policy in European Countries and its effects on industry

In this paper we discuss the effects ofdifferent climate change policies onindustrial activity and on welfare. Wecompare the effects of carbon taxes andgrandfathered permits and the effects ofexemptions for energy-intensive industries.We survey first the insights from economictheory and from model experiments for theUS. Next we use a general equilibrium modelto assess the effect of different climatechange policies on industrial activity persector and per member country in the EU. Wepay particular attention to the effects ofpolicies where one EU member state exemptsits energy-intensive sectors from abatementefforts. The main findings are that, in theEU, the effects on industrial activity andthe welfare costs of tradable permits orcarbon taxes are small when no industrialsectors are exempted. When one membercountry exempts its energy intensivesector, this will reduce somewhat theimpact on its activity level but willgenerate an extra welfare cost for theEU.     

昆明城市太阳辐射资源及利用现状初探

利用有关资料,对昆明城市太阳辐射资源和利用现状进行了初步探讨。分析得知,昆明地区太阳辐射具有独特的分布特征,为太阳能的利用提供了良好的环境条件;太阳能热水器在干季晴好天气时增温效果显著。通过对不同太阳能热水器普及率和不同增温率的太阳能热水器等的计算,可以看出昆明城市太阳能热水器的节能效应是十分显著的,但仍有较大空间。加大昆明城市太阳能热水器的普及工作对于城市太阳能利用将是十分重要的。     

我国淡水水域光合产物的气候生产力探讨

根据太阳辐射在水体中的有效分布、生长季水温和浮游植物光合生态特性等因子,模拟计算了我国大陆东部淡水水域的光合生产力、气候生产力及其季节变化的地理规律。从中得知,这些水域初级产物的年气候生产力主要呈纬向分布,由南向北递减,各地范围在 1.6-24.4gC/m²·a之间,长江以南是>15.0gC/m²·a的高值区,长城以北和四川盆地为<10.0gC/m²·a的低值区,因此,在气候生产力高值区有可能充分利用气候资源优势,开发低成本的自然淡水水域渔业;而在低生产力区,受自然资源的局限其自然捕鱼量需适量控制,因地制宜。     

Geological CO2 Storage as a Climate Change Mitigation Option

Carbon dioxide (CO₂₎ capture and storage is increasingly being considered as an important climate change mitigation option. This paper explores provisions for including geological CO₂ storage in climate policy. The storage capacity of Norway's Continental Shelf is alone sufficient to store a large share of European CO₂ emissions for many decades. If CO₂ is injected into oil reservoirs there is an additional benefit in terms of enhanced oil recovery. However, there are significant technical and economic challenges, including the large investment in infrastructure required, with related economies of scale properties. Thus CO₂ capture, transportation and storage projects are likely to be more economically attractive if developed on a large scale, which could mean involving two or more nations. An additional challenge is the risk of future leakages from storage sites, where the government must take on a major responsibility. In institutional and policy terms, important challenges are the unsettled status of geological CO₂ storage as a policy measure in the Kyoto Protocol, lack of relevant reporting and verification procedures, and lack of decisions on how the option should be linked to the flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. In terms of competitiveness with expected prices for CO₂ permits under Kyoto Protocol trading, the relatively high costs per tonne of CO₂ stored means that geological CO₂ storage is primarily of interest where enhanced oil recovery is possible. These shortcomings and uncertainties mean that companies and governments today only have weak incentives to venture into geological CO₂ storage.     

我国现阶段应采取的节水措施

文中提及我国现阶段节水工作要从提高新水资源利用率入手，在进行节水宣传教育的同时，建立能动的节水机制，充分利用宝贵的降水资源，发挥可利用新水资源最大的效率，为我国未来经济社会的发展创造有利的条件。     

浅析我国水资源与水污染治理现状

从我国水资源的贫乏,部分地区水资源的浪费和主要水流域污染的日益加剧等方面描述了我国水资源的现状,对水污染的治理提出了对付策略.     

Sustainable resource management coupled to resilient germplasm to provide new intensive cereal–grain–legume–livestock systems in the dry savanna

Sustainable resource management is the critical agricultural research and development challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. The accumulated knowledge on soil management gathered over the last 10 years, combined with solid crop improvement and plant health research at farmers’ level, has brought us to a stage where we can now address with confidence the intensification of cereal–grain–legume-based cropping systems in the dry savanna of West Africa in a sustainable and environmentally positive manner.Two sustainable farming systems that greatly enhance the productivity and sustainability of integrated livestock systems have been developed and implemented in the dry savanna of Nigeria. These are: (i) maize (Zea mays L.)–promiscuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations that combine high nitrogen fixation and the ability to kill large numbers of Striga hermonthica seeds in the soil; and (ii) miflet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaerth] and dual-purpose cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Improvement of the cropping systems in the dry savanna has been driven by the adoption of promiscuously nodulating soybean varieties (in particular TGx 1448-2E) and dual-purpose cowpea. The rate of adoption is very high, even in the absence of an efficient seed distribution system. The number of farmers cultivating the improved varieties increased by 228% during the last 3 years. Increased production of promiscuous soybean has been stimulated by increased demand from industries and home utilization. Production in Nigeria was estimated at 405,000 t in 1999 compared to less than 60,000 t in 1984. Economic analysis of these systems shows already an increase of 50–70% in the gross incomes of adopting farmers compared to those still following the current practices, mainly continuous maize cultivation. Furthermore, increases in legume areas of 10% in Nigeria (about 30,000 ha in the northern Guinea savanna) and increases of 20% in yield have translated into additional fixed nitrogen valued annually at US$ 44 million. This reflects, at the same time, an equivalent increase in land-use productivity, and with further spread of the improved crops, there are excellent prospects for additional economic and environmental benefits from a very large recommendation domain across West Africa.     

WTO:中国环境立法挑战与整合

探讨了我国“入世”后环境立法所面对的挑战问题。分析了世贸组织法中的环保条款及中国环境立法不完善之处，指出这将对中国“入世”后对外贸易产生不利影响。对完善中国环境立法提出建议。