基于地表水源热泵尾水排放的江河热环境容量研究

运用FLUENT软件对重庆市洪崖洞水源热泵系统尾水排入受纳水域的过程进行二维数值模拟,选取FLUENT中非耦合、隐式求解器对模型内的定常流动进行求解,得出受纳水域受水源热泵系统温排水影响后的温度梯度和温升面积。在温排水流量为4 500 m3/h、温差为6℃的条件下,得出受纳水域温升值超过1℃的水域面积约为1 600 m2,为模拟江河水域面积的2.0%。选取1℃温升值作为温升带边界控制值,在热泵系统最大负荷工况下,计算得出受纳水域的热环境容量为312.5(m.3℃)/s,剩余热环境容量为306.25(m.3℃)/s。根据地表水环境质量标准,该工程温排水量小于受纳水域的热承载力,不会对受纳水域生态环境造成热污染。     

宁波市地表水重金属污染现状和健康风险评价

为评价中国华东沿海城市地表水重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险,以宁波为例,在城区地表水中采集了255个水样,检测了6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量水平,计算了重金属的健康风险指数和致癌风险指数.结果表明,宁波市地表水中重金属平均浓度的大小顺序为:ZnPbCrNiCdCu;有3种重金属超过国标GB 3838-2002中的Ⅴ类限值,且严重顺序为CdPbCr,电镀废水、金属加工废弃物、交通污染物、染料和涂料废物是主要污染源.70%以上的地表水存在健康风险,镇海区和海曙区风险最高,3种潜在风险最大的重金属及顺序为:CdCrPb.地表水对成年人和未成年人的致癌风险指数平均值分别达到临界值的17 600倍和24 800倍,且95%以上因Cr引起,人口密集的商业区致癌风险指数接近全市平均水平的2倍.宁波市地表水重金属污染严重,相关部门应当足够重视.     

环境规制的蓝色红利效应研究

利用中国工业企业数据库2004~2009年制造业企业数据,以清洁生产目录标准的政策实施为外生冲击事件,基于倍差估计法（DID）实证检验了环境规制对企业盈利能力、盈利质量、波特效应和管理创新成本等蓝色红利的影响.结果发现：环境规制显著提升了制造企业的利润率和企业的现金流充裕性,改善了企业的盈利能力和盈利质量;环境规制显著降低了企业管理创新成本,但波特效应不显著.环境规制的蓝色红利效应存在地方策略互动、企业规模和所有制的异质性：地方政府之间的策略性不合作抑制了环境规制蓝色红利效应.企业规模的扩大提高了管理创新成本,但强化其他相关的蓝色红利效应.环境规制对国有企业的利润率、现金流以及全要素生产率的改善作用强于非国有企业,但更有助于降低非国有企业的管理创新成本.     

两种抗生素菌渣经SEA-CBS技术处理后的肥料特性

抗生素菌渣的环境无害化利用处置目前已成为行业和政府管理部门亟待解决的难题.为有效实现抗生素菌渣的资源化利用,开展了经SEA-CBS高效复合资源化利用技术制成的吉他霉素和螺旋霉素菌渣有机肥理化特性研究,并分析了未施肥、施加不同比例的商品肥和菌渣有机肥对苦苣生长的影响.结果表明:吉他霉素和螺旋霉素菌渣有机肥的pH分别为6.59和7.92,含水率分别为5.21%和10.60%,抗生素残留均未检出;吉他霉素菌渣有机肥中w（Cr）、w（Pb）和w（As）相对较高,分别为33.40、7.05和1.57 mg/kg,而w（Cd）（0.34 mg/kg）和w（Hg）（低于0.002 mg/kg）相对较低;两种抗生素菌渣有机肥的总养分含量均在5%以上,w（有机质）均大于80%,均符合NY 884—2012《生物有机肥》及NY 525—2012《有机肥料》中的相关限值.植株生长试验研究发现,施加1%和3%的吉他霉素菌渣有机肥时,苦苣的株高、鲜质量和干质量均优于未施肥处理,且株高均大于施入商品肥处理;施加1%螺旋霉素菌渣有机肥下苦苣生长性能优于未施肥情况.研究显示,SEA-CBS技术可有效去除菌渣中残留的抗生素,并实现抗生素菌渣的资源化利用.      

长江流域径流模拟及其对极端降雨的响应

研究流域径流量变化可为水资源科学调配、利用开发、水旱灾害防治、水环境污染整治和国民经济可持续发展等提供重要依据.但近年来受全球变暖影响,极端气候事件,尤其是极端降雨的发生频率和强度出现了变化,直接或间接影响径流量变化.运用SWAT模型模拟1965~2019年间长江流域径流时空变化规律,分析了不同极端降雨条件下径流对降雨的响应.结果表明,1965~2019年间长江流域径流变化并不显著,流域总径流和中下游径流均经历了"枯-丰-枯-丰"4个阶段.极端降雨情景模拟发现,50 a一遇极端降雨下,长江上、中和下游代表性子流域日均径流变化率分别为6200%、21%和15%,月均径流变化率为355%、5%和1.3%,年均变化率为78%、1%和0.24%.而100 a一遇极端降雨下,3个子流域日均径流变化率分别为8000%、25%和17%,月均径流变化率为437%、7%和1.5%,年均变化率为96%、1.2%和0.28%.研究结果可为流域水资源管理和利用及洪涝灾害预测与防控等提供理论依据.     

黄土旱塬24 a不同秸秆还田土壤碳、氮、磷和胞外酶计量特征

探索黄土旱塬区农田土壤碳、氮和磷生物地球化学循环特征,可为农作物高效生产和土地可持续利用提供科学依据和技术支撑.以山西寿阳24 a玉米旱作试验田为对象,研究长期秸秆覆盖还田、直接还田、过腹还田和不还田对土壤元素和胞外酶活性化学计量比的影响,并计算向量角度和长度用于指示微生物面临的资源限制情况,向量角大于45°和小于45°分别表示微生物受磷限制和氮限制,偏离45°越大表示限制程度越大,向量长度越长表示微生物受碳限制越严重.结果表明：(1)长期秸秆还田土壤C/N和C/P分布在9.81～14.28和14.58～21.92之间,均值分别为12.36和17.51,分别较试验初期降低了6.0%和4.2%;土壤N/P分布在1.27～1.57之间,均值为1.42,较初期提高了2.2%.土壤C/N和C/P均呈现出先降低后升高的变化趋势,土壤N/P基本呈现出持平趋势,且不同秸秆还田处理之间土壤元素计量比均无显著性差异.(2)相比24 a长期不还田处理,长期秸秆覆盖还田处理土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)活性显著提高了134.4%和107.5%(P<0.0...     

滇池流域水资源持续利用与保护

滇池流域水资源目前存在着资源短缺，水质污染，生态环境恶化，防洪能力不强等主要问题，对流域的工农业生产，渔业发展，旅游，人体健康等产生了一定的影响，制约着流域经济，社会的可持续发展，为满足可持续发展对水资源的要求，昆明有关方面制定了该流域的水资源保护计划，未来滇池流域的水资源保护应从可持续发展的战略出发，渗透到经济与社会发展中去。     

地方政府推进循环经济发展的局限性及对策研究——以山东省日照市为例

在分析日照市发展循环经济的路径、措施和难题的基础上，研究了地方政府的自利性、选择性偏差、调控手段和行政分割等方面的局限性，提出了规范中央政府和地方政府关系、构建科学的政绩考核体系、加强区域分类指导、加快立法与强化执法、制定相应的经济制度与政策等发展循环经济的建议。     

Why the IPCC should evolve in response to the UNFCCC bottom-up strategy adopted in Paris? An opinion from the French Association for Disaster Risk Reduction

The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere keep increasing every year, and despite the adoption of the Paris agreement, one cannot expect any significant dip in the trend in the near future. We may therefore legitimately question the efficiency of the current governance system, notably concerning the interplay between science and policy. The strategy adopted by the UNFCCC in Paris contrasts with the strategy adopted in Kyoto, as it endorses a dynamic that is more bottom-up. Its success will depend greatly on the ability of the actors to mobilise on climate issues and to find ways to work together. Scientific expertise has a key role to play to this respect. This paper is a reflection led by the French Association for Disaster Risk Reduction on how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could evolve in order to usefully accompany that strategy. Introducing more reflexivity in the assessment process and widening aspects of the expertise to a more diverse and transdisciplinary range of actors could improve the treatment of uncertainties, multi-scale interactions and the appropriation of expertise, as well as the integration of adaptation and mitigation policies. In practical terms, this could involve more working groups, which could become more focused, drawing up shorter but more frequent reports, and taking account of the “grey” expert literature. The implementation of such an approach merits further investigation, because these improvements could help address the governance challenges in climate change.     

Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making

The synergies and trade-offs between the water, energy, and food sectors are represented by the Water-Energy-Food Nexus. The Nexus Approach is an integrated decision making practice that can be used by policy makers to optimize these synergies and manage trade-offs. In this paper, the direction of the Nexus Approach regarding the development of modelling tools is explored. The objective of this paper is to review the existing Nexus modelling tools used for integrated policy making to determine and to help policy makers, practitioners, and agencies trying to implement the Nexus Approach to identify a tool that is most suited to their modelling needs. The predominant capabilities of the current tools lie in the understanding of Nexus complexity, consideration of financial elements in the tools, recognition of the importance of multiple Nexus Approach directions, incorporation of different time scales, and enhanced tool accessibility. The main limitations are the extensive data requirements of current tools, and the poor synergy between tools assessing individual Nexus areas. This enhanced overview of the existing tools allows policy makers to maximize the synergies between the Nexus areas, to avoid consumption dilemmas, and to facilitate sustainable development.