耕作改制对土壤肥力的影响

在长期定位监测的基础上,研究了耕作改制对土壤肥力的影响,结果表明,耕作改制后,肥料投入明显增加,养分平衡朝着有利于提高肥力的方向发展;因土、因作物进行配方施肥,并实行秸秆还田,则改制后土壤肥力能得到提高;合理耕作轮作,有利于解决地力矛盾和季节矛盾,实现高产、稳产、低成本。     

Conjoint analysis for environmental evaluation

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Conjoint analysis and the related choice-modelling methods have been used for many years in marketing research to evaluate consumer behaviour and preferences for different kinds of product attributes. Recently, the number of applications in environmental science and management has started to grow. Conjoint analysis is found in many different forms, and the environmental studies evaluated in this review display the same range of methods as in other fields. The key characteristic of all these methods is that trade-offs are evaluated by jointly considering a number of important attributes. MAIN FEATURES: This paper is a review of the literature on environmental applications of conjoint analysis and assesses in which environmental area conjoint analysis has been most successful. The method and the design of the studies are reviewed as well. RESULTS: A total of 84 studies were found, dealing with environmental issues that were evaluated by conjoint analysis. The studies concern agriculture, ecosystem management, energy, environmental evaluation, forestry, land management, pollution, products, recreation, environmental risk analysis and waste management. DISCUSSION: Choice experiments seem to have a comparatively stronger position in environmental studies than elsewhere. Most of the environmental applications are related to natural resource management. This is somewhat surprising, but a number of reports have appeared also on product evaluation, which could be a key application area in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to marketing and transportation, the number of environmental conjoint studies is rather small but increasing, and the method has proven to work effectively in eliciting preferences on environmental issues. In environmental issues, experimenters often use choice experiments, especially concerning ecosystem management and environmental evaluations. When it comes to evaluating preferences concerning agriculture, forestry, energy and products, a more traditional approach of conjoint analysis is favoured. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Two new areas of application are identified in this review--environmental communication and expert elicitation. Conjoint analysis can thus be developed into a useful instrument for environmental risk analysis and communication, both of which are necessary for an efficient approach to risk governance.     

生物反应器填埋场产甲烷规律的模拟研究

生物反应器填埋场是一种新型的垃圾卫生填埋场,可以加速填埋场的稳定及甲烷的产生.通过模拟试验探讨了生物反应器填埋场在不同操作条件下的产甲烷情况及COD、pH值的变化趋势.试验证明较高的回灌频率有助于垃圾降解、产甲烷速率的升高及渗滤液中COD浓度的降低;污泥接种起缓冲作用,使垃圾的降解及产气速率更趋向平稳;甲烷的产生与COD的降低是同步进行的,因此可以通过COD的变化趋势来判断产甲烷情况.研究建立了反映垃圾含水率影响填埋场产甲烷的数学模型,该模型具有简便、直观、准确等优点.     

套种条件下混合螯合剂对污染土壤Cd淋滤行为的影响

为了研究螯合剂对污染土壤Cd向下迁移的影响,对采自广东省乐昌市和清远市的2种铅锌矿废水污染水稻土（分别为中性和酸性土壤）进行100 cm土柱室外淋溶试验,研究在玉米与东南景天套种系统中,在5 mmol.kg-1土的混合螯合剂[MC∶柠檬酸∶味精废液∶EDTA∶KCl（摩尔比）=10∶1∶2∶3]的强化作用下对2种污染土壤中Cd的淋滤行为的影响.结果表明,施加混合螯合剂后第2 d,混合螯合剂能明显提高2种土壤各土层淋滤液Cd浓度;施后第8 d混合螯合剂仍能继续提高中性土壤20 cm以下土层和酸性土壤60 cm以下土层淋滤液Cd的浓度,但其活化作用均已迅速下降.施后第2 d和第8 d,2种土壤各土层的套种＋MC处理的淋滤液Cd浓度均超过国家地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848-93）.施加混合螯合剂可降低中性土壤表层全Cd量.不同处理的土壤Cd均有向下层迁移的趋势,尤其是酸性土壤,在20 cm和40 cm处不同处理的全Cd量与起始值比较分别下降了40%～58%和39%～49%,经过100 d的修复即可达到土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618-1995）.上述结果表明,施用混合螯合剂对Cd污染土壤的地下水水质存在一定的潜在污染风险.     

Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

Structurally-consistent estimation of use and nonuse values for landscape-wide environmental change

We address the problem of estimating the use and nonuse value derived from a landscape-wide programme of environmental change. Working in the random utility framework, we develop a structural model that describes both demand for recreational trips to the landscape's quality-differentiated natural areas and preferences over different landscape-wide patterns of environmental quality elicited in a choice experiment. The structural coherence of the model ensures that the parameters of the preference function can be simultaneously estimated from the combination of revealed and stated preference data. We explore the properties of the model in a Monte Carlo experiment and then apply it to a study of preferences for changes in the ecological quality of rivers in northern England. This implementation reveals plausible estimates of the use and nonuse parameters of the model and provides insights into the distance decay in those two different forms of value.     

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MODELS FOR APPLICATION TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: A research project was undertaken for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to determine the relative utility and effectiveness of four well-known multicriteria decision making (MCDM) models for applications in realistic water resources planning settings. A series of experiments was devised to examine the impact of rating and ranking procedures on the decision making behavior of users (e.g., planners, managers, analysts, etc.) when faced with situations involving multiple evaluation criteria and numerous alternative planning projects. The four MCDM models tested were MATS-PC, EXPERT CHOICE, ARIADNE, and ELECTRE. Two groups of analysts and decision makers were tested. One group consisted of experienced U.S. Army Corps planners, while the other was comprised of graduate students. Based on a series of nonparametric statistical tests, the results identified EXPERT CHOICE as the preferred MCDM model by both groups based largely on ease of use and understandability. ARIADNE fostered the largest degree of agreement within and among the two groups of individuals tested. The tests also lend support to the claim that rankings are not affected significantly by the choice of decision maker (i.e., who uses any of these MCDM models) or which of these four models is used.     

西太平洋添加营养盐培养实验中挥发性卤代烃含量动态变化

于2018年10月9日~11月1日采集西太平洋表层海水，通过营养盐添加船基培养实验，研究了不同营养盐条件下浮游植物的生长及其释放挥发性卤代烃（VHCs）含量的动态变化规律.结果表明，与对照组相比，氮磷营养盐的添加对叶绿素a（Chl-a）的含量和三氯乙烯（C₂HCl₃），四氯乙烯（C₂Cl₄），一氯二溴甲烷（CHBr₂Cl），三溴甲烷（CHBr₃）的释放量表现出显著促进作用，但促进程度与添加氮磷营养盐的浓度及比值密切相关.高浓度氮更有利于浮游植物的生长及C₂HCl₃和C₂Cl₄的释放.N/P比符合Redfield比值更有利于CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃的释放.相比NO₃^--N，NH₄⁺-N的添加更有利于4种VHCs释放.     

粪肥施用对抗生素在土壤上吸附的影响

磺胺类抗生素和氟苯尼考(FFC)是浙江省普遍使用的抗生素，在土壤上吸附弱而易于迁移，存在较高的环境风险.近年来，粪源抗生素对农田土壤潜在风险的研究多是在实验室条件下添加粪肥的方式进行，无法评估自然施肥状态下抗生素的污染风险.因此以浙江省长期施用不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪和化肥)的5种旱地农田土壤[临安(LA)、嘉善(JS)、龙游(LY)、开化(KH)和金华(JH)]为对象，选用4种常用的抗生素[磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT)、磺胺甲基异噁唑(SMZ)和FFC],进行批量平衡实验，探究土壤不同类型和粪肥类型对抗生素在土壤中吸附的影响.结果表明，4种抗生素在实验土壤中的吸附都较弱，吸附次序为：SMT(1.44～13.23 mg⁽1-(1/n))·L^1/n·kg^-1)>SMZ(0.73～6.05 mg⁽1-(1/n))·L^1/n·kg^-1)>SD(0.16～5.57 mg⁽1-(1/n))·L^1/n·...