HG-HC智能烟尘粉尘在线监测仪

本文详细介绍了自主开发的HG-HC型烟尘粉尘在线监测仪的监测原理、技术特点及应用情况。     

南京市交通干道大气环境中挥发性有机物的研究

使用Tenax管在常温下富集采样 ,研究了南京市交通干道大气环境中苯系物的污染状况和季节变化规律 ,监测过程历时 1年。同时在中山陵设点采样 ,以作背景研究。经过GC/MS联用仪分析测定 ,共检出 140多种挥发性有机物 ,其中含量较高的是苯系物。结合获得的大气中苯系物的比值以及采样点的周围环境 ,对苯系物进行源分析 ,表明苯系物主要来源于汽车尾气的排放 ,其污染程度与气候变化有关。     

重庆市农田土壤有机碳时空变化与固碳潜力分析

区域土壤有机碳库、固碳潜力的估算,对全球气候变化中的碳循环研究具有重要意义.本研究基于1978—1979年全国第二次土壤普查和2007—2011年农业部"测土配方施肥"项目的数据,并结合大量前人调研资料和田间试验数据进行整理与比较分析.同时,采取土壤类型法估算了重庆市农田土壤碳库储量和碳密度;基于GIS分析了重庆市农田土壤碳密度的空间分布特征;对30年来各区县农田土壤碳量变化趋势进行拟合分析,估算了农田土壤固碳潜力.结果表明,土壤表层有机碳库总储量为233.54×106t,土壤有机碳密度平均值为3.08 kg·m-2;渝西南、渝东北和渝东南的农田土壤有机碳密度较高,长江干流沿岸及附近低山丘陵地区土壤有机碳密度较低;重庆市农田土壤固碳潜力约为30.82 Tg(以C计),农田土壤单位面积固碳潜力平均值为6.71 t·hm-2.     

火化场焚烧污染现状及存在问题

从环保角度入手,着重调查沈阳市全市范围内殡葬行业现有状况,重点研究了火化机焚烧尸体后产生的废气污染问题,并提出几点对策和建议。监测结果表明,烟尘、二氧化硫和氮氧化物等废气污染物的排放浓度超过国家标准要求。     

气相色谱法测定水体中多氯联苯Aroclor系列

采用液液萃取—气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定水体中多氯联苯Aroclor系列Aroclor1016、Aroclor1221、Aroclor1232、Aroclor1242、Aroclor1248、Aroclor1254、Aroclor1260。样品经正己烷溶剂萃取,再经全自动样品浓缩仪(EVA)浓缩萃取液至1 mL,供气相色谱仪测定,外标法定量,加标回收率在75%~110%之间,检出限为0.1μg/L。该方法采用双塔双柱双检测器,排除了误检和其他物质的干扰,保证了分析结果的可靠性,方法简单、灵敏、准确。     

重庆市春季不同功能区PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征

2012年4月在重庆市4个不同功能区连续10 d同步采集了大气PM10环境样品,利用气相色谱-质谱法分析测定美国环保局16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs).结果显示,在重庆主城区PM10中检测到16种优控PAHs,总浓度(∑PAHs)范围为31.68～ 189.31 ng/m3,平均浓度为108.05 ng/m3.各个功能区大气PM10中PAHs总浓度存在明显差别:交通区(沙坪坝七中)154.47 ng/m3＞工业区(大渡口区政府)132.92 ng/m3＞居民区(南岸工商大学)105.58 ng/m3＞对照区(缙云山风景区)39.16 ng/m3.根据典型污染来源中PAHs的特征比值综合判断,重庆市春季大气中PM10主要来源于燃煤和交通污染的混合源.     

浅谈加强环境现场监测规范化建设

分析了环境现场监测存在的质控体系不够完善,监测人员不够专业,监测技术相对落后,管理制度不够健全等问题.提出实现环境现场监测规范化建设,应从完善现场监测质量控制体系入手,加强监测队伍、监测装备、现场监测管理制度建设,改进和提高现场监测技术,以此满足和适应环保新形势对环境现场监测工作的要求.     

Dispersion modeling approach for quantification of methane emission rates from natural gas fugitive leaks detected by infrared imaging technique

Recently, infrared optical imaging has been applied in the oil and gas industry as a method to detect potential leaks in pipelines, components and equipment. The EPA suggested that this impending technique is considered as a smart gas LDAR (leak detection, monitoring and repair) for its rapid recognition of leaks, accuracy and robustness. In addition, compared to the conventional method using Total Vapor Analyzer (TVA) or gas sniffer, it has several other advantages, such as the ability to perform real-time scanning and remote sensing, ability to provide area measurement instead of point measurement, and provide an image of the gas which is not visible to naked eye. However, there is still some limitation in the application of optical imaging techniques; it does not give any measurement of gas emissions rates or concentrations of the leaking gas. Infrared cameras can recognize a target gas and distinguish the gas from its surrounding up to a certain concentration, namely the minimum detectable concentration. The value of the minimum detectable concentration depends on the camera design, environmental conditions and surface characteristics when the measurement is taken. This paper proposed a methodology to predict gas emissions rates from the size of the dispersed gas plume or cloud to the minimum detectable concentration. The gas emissions rate is predicted from the downwind distance and the height of the cloud at the minimum detectable concentration for different meteorological conditions. Gas release and dispersion from leaks in natural gas pipeline systems is simulated, and the results are presented.     

Comparison of calculated data for the flammability and the oxidation potential according to ISO 10156 with experimentally determined values

The classification of flammable gas mixtures is based on either testing or calculation methods proposed by the revised international standard ISO 10156. This standard is used for classification of physical hazards in Chapters 2.2 and 2.4 of the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and in the UN Recommendations on Transport of Dangerous Goods (TDG). The test methods of flammability and oxidizing potential in this standard were developed by BAM. Earlier versions of this standard are not based on triangular diagrams and on the reference combustible substance “ethane”. The old material characteristics, especially in case of oxidizing potential, are based mostly on practical experience without any quantifiable test results. First time it is possible to compare experimental results from the CHEMSAFE database with the newly developed calculation method. In this paper the basic principles of the calculation methods are presented and the methods are validated by examples. A comparison of experimental flammability data with classification results gained by the calculation methods of ISO 10156 is demonstrated.     

重庆市生态系统服务功能价值时空变化研究

基于重庆市2000年、2005年、2010年的3期遥感解译的土地利用矢量数据,通过分析区域生态系统服务价值理论和方法,参考并修正国外学者Costanza和国内谢高地的生态系统服务价值系数,对重庆市2000—2010年的土地利用二级分类指标进行了4大类17种小类的生态系统服务价值的估算,采用基于GIS的生态系统价值密度、ESV保持率等方法指标反映研究区10年来的生态系统服务价值时空变化特征,研究结果表明:1重庆市2000年、2005年和2010年各类生态系统年提供总服务价值量分别为4285.39、4490.29和4621.18亿元,就生态系统而言,林地生态系统提供的总服务价值最高,2010年占总价值的69.03%;其次是水域和草地,分别占总价值的14.35%和9.12%;就生态系统服务类别排序为调节服务(71.31%)支持服务(19.01%)供给服务(5.87%)文化服务(3.81%);22000—2010年重庆市生态系统服务价值量总体呈不断上涨的时序变化趋势,增幅达到7.27%;生态系统服务价值保持率为1.078,虽然城市建设占用了大量的农田生态系统,但单位面积生态系统服务价值较高的水域和林地面积的ESV价值增幅明显;3生态系统服务价值密度最高的空间分布上呈"西低东高,一轴两翼"的格局,中部的垫江县生态价值密度最低,主要受较为单一的农田生态系统影响;4研究区的ESV与GDP在空间分布和时序上的差异明显,2010年重庆的地均ESV为5.60万元·hm~(-2),高于全国的平均值;人均ESV为1.60万元,低于全国的平均值;人口密度大是造成人均ESV低的主要原因;2010年人均ESV与人均GDP的比值为1∶1.72,低于全国的平均接近1∶1的比值,表明重庆市的生态系统服务价值相对国民生产总值的相对不足.