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21.
The equilibrium sorption of tylosin (TYL) on kaolinite and montmorillonite was measured at different solution pH using batch reactor systems. The results showed that all the sorption isotherms were nonlinear and that the nonlinearity decreased as the solution pH increased for a given clay. At a specific aqueous concentration, the single-point sorption distribution coefficient (KD) of TYL decreased rapidly as the solution pH increased. A speciation-dependent sorption model that accounted for the contributions of the cationic and neutral forms of TYL fit the data well, suggesting that the sorption may be dominated by both ion exchange and hydrophobic interactions. The isotherm data also fit well to a dual mode model that quantifies the contributions of a site-limiting Langmuir component (ion exchange) and a non-specific linear partitioning component (hydrophobic interactions). X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the interlayers of montmorillonite were expanded due to the uptake of TYL. TYL molecules likely form a monolayer surface coverage. 相似文献
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膨润土粘土矿吸附焦化废水中氨氮的研究 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
研究了膨润土粘土矿对碳酸铵溶液中NH4^+离子和焦化废水中氨氮的吸附。结果表明:在低液固比时,颗粒膨润土对碳酸铵溶液中NH4^+离子的吸附效果优于粉状膨润土;在高液固化时,粉状膨润土的吸附效果优于颗粒膨润土。颗粒膨润土对焦化废水中氨氮的吸附效果优于粉状膨润土和活化膨润土。 相似文献
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A mathematical model describing the dissolution of nuclear glass directly disposed in clay combines a first-order dissolution rate law with the diffusion of dissolved silica in clay. According to this model, the main parameters describing the long-term dissolution of the glass are ηR, the product of the diffusion accessible porosity η and the retardation factor R, and the apparent diffusion coefficient Dapp of dissolved silica in clay.For determining the migration parameters needed for long-term predictions, four Through-Diffusion (T-D) experiments and one percolation test have been performed on undisturbed clay cores. In the Through-Diffusion experiments, the concentration decrease after injection of 32Si (radioactive labelled silica) was measured in the inlet compartment. At the end of the T-D experiments, the clay cores were cut in thin slices and the activity of labelled silica in each slice was determined. The measured activity profiles for these four clay cores are well reproducible.Since no labelled silica could be detected in the outlet compartments, the Through-Diffusion experiments are fitted by two In-Diffusion models: one model assuming linear and reversible sorption equilibrium and a second model taking into account sorption kinetics. Although the kinetic model provides better fits, due to the sufficiently long duration of the experiments, both models give approximately similar values for the fit parameters. The single percolation test leads to an apparent diffusion coefficient value about two to three times lower than those of the Through-Diffusion tests.Therefore, dissolved silica appears to be strongly retarded in Boom Clay. A retardation factor R between 100 and 300 was determined. The corresponding in situ distribution coefficient Kd is in the range 25–75 cm3 g−1. The apparent diffusion coefficient of dissolved silica in Boom Clay is estimated between 2×10−13 and 7×10−13 m2 s−1. The pore diffusion coefficient is in the range from 6×10−11 to 1×10−10 m2 s−1. 相似文献
25.
Simultaneous sorption of lead and chlorobenzene by organobentonite 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Clays or organoclays have been used as a barrier to prevent the transport of hazardous contaminants in landfills. However, clays are known to effectively sorb mostly inorganic contaminants, while organoclays are mainly used for organic contaminants. Since the organoclays are basically clay particles modified with cationic surfactants, there might exist an optimal coverage of cationic surfactant on the clay particles to sorb both inorganic and organic contaminants. In order to determine the optimal mass of cationic surfactants on the bentonites, sodium bentonites were treated with various ratios of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) to bentonites. Chlorobenzene and lead were selected as representative contaminants. When either chlorobenzene or lead exists as a single contaminant, chlorobenzene sorption increased with increasing HDTMA to bentonite ratios, and lead sorption decreased with increasing HDTMA to bentonite ratios. Sorption of chlorobenzene was a function of HDTMA coverage on the bentonites, while lead sorption was much more influenced by the initial lead concentration rather than the mass of HDTMA added to the bentonites. 相似文献
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Palut JM Montarnal P Gautschi A Tevissen E Mouche E 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2003,61(1-4):203-218
A long-term single borehole diffusion experiment using tritiated water as tracer was carried out in Opalinus clay, an argillaceous rock formation that is accessible at the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory, situated in the Swiss Jura. The tracer was diluted in reconstituted formation water and introduced into a packed-off section of a borehole located in saturated rock. Pressure in this interval was maintained equal to the pore pressure of the surrounding rock in order to prevent any hydraulic gradient around the borehole and to avoid advective transport processes. The evolution of the tracer concentration in the injection system was monitored over time. After 1 year of diffusion, the claystone surrounding the interval was retrieved by overcoring the whole borehole and packer system, and by an adjacent oblique borehole. Compressed air was used as drilling fluid to reduce rock disturbances. The recovered overcore was sampled along profiles perpendicular to the borehole wall with a view to determining the tracer-concentration profiles in the rock. To avoid further evaporation of tritiated water, subsamples were immediately transferred into polyethylene bottles and disaggregated by adding a known amount of tracer-free water. Fifteen profiles were determined and showed a decreasing tracer concentration with distance into the rock. The pore-water contents were constant along those profiles, confirming that only very little water was lost during overcoring operations. The evolution of tritium-tracer concentration in the injection system over time and in situ profiles were interpreted with a 3-D numerical simulation of the experiment. That allowed for the identification of the transport parameters (orthotropic diffusion tensor and porosity) by minimising the relative quadratic error between the experimental and simulated data. The fitting is good and the results are consistent with data obtained on drill-core samples. The result of tritiated water is discussed regarding (1) the potential effect of mechanical and/or chemical disturbances around the injection borehole and (2) the specific behaviour of tritiated water. 相似文献
27.
Diffusion coefficients (T=23±2 °C) and accessible porosities for HTO, 36Cl− and 125I− were measured on Opalinus Clay (OPA) samples from the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory (URL) using the through-diffusion technique. The direction of transport (diffusion) was perpendicular to bedding. Special cells that allowed the application of confining pressure were designed and constructed. The pressures ranged from 1 to 5 MPa, the latter value simulating the overburden at the Mont Terri URL (about 200 m). The test solution used in the experiments was a synthetic version of the Opalinus Clay pore water, which has Na+ and Cl− as the main components (I=0.42 M).The measured values of the effective diffusion coefficients (De) and rock capacity factors (α) are: De=1.2–1.5×10−11 m2 s−1 and α=0.09–0.11 for HTO, De=4.0–5.5×10−12 m2 s−1 and α=0.05 for 36Cl− and De=3.2–4.6×10−12 m2 s−1 and α=0.07–0.10 for 125I−. For non-sorbing tracers (HTO, 36Cl) the rock capacity factor α is equal to the diffusion-accessible porosity . The experimental results showed that pressure only had a small effect on the value of the diffusion coefficients. Increasing the pressure from 1 to 5 MPa resulted in a decrease of the diffusion coefficient of 17% for HTO, 28% for 36Cl− and 30% for 125I−. Moreover, the diffusion coefficients for 36Cl− and 125I− are smaller than for HTO, which is consistent with an effect arising from anion exclusion.The diffusion coefficients of HTO and 125I− measured in this study are in good agreement with recent measurements at three other laboratories performed within the framework of a laboratory comparison exercise. The values of the diffusion-accessible porosities show a larger degree of scatter. 相似文献
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一种新材料在城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对我国目前垃圾填埋场存在的问题 ,提出推广应用一种新型的复合土工合成材料 (GCL)。简要介绍了GCL的结构及水力特性 ,图解说明了GCL在垃圾填埋场中的各种应用 ,并与CCL、GM相比较 ,说明了GCL在垃圾填埋场中的应用优势 相似文献