Theory for reactive solute transport through clay membrane barriers

The theoretical development for one-dimensional, coupled migration of solutes with different ionic mobilities through clay soils that behave as ion-restrictive membranes, referred to as clay membrane barriers (CMBs), is presented. The transport formulation is based on principles of irreversible thermodynamics and accounts explicitly for coupling effects of hyperfiltration (ultrafiltration) and chemico-osmotic counter-advection associated with clay membrane behavior in the absence of electrical current. Since, by definition, no solute can enter a "perfect" or "ideal" membrane, the concept of an implicit coupling effect, such that the effective salt-diffusion coefficient, Ds* approaches zero as the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient, omega approaches unity is introduced. The theoretical development also illustrates that, even in the absence of membrane behavior, traditional advective-dispersive transport theory based on a constant value of Ds* for the solutes may not be appropriate for simulating transient transport in reactive (ion exchanging) systems. This potential limitation is illustrated through simulations for solute mass flux involving the migration of a binary salt solution (KCl) through a clay barrier with exchange sites saturated with a single exchangeable cation (e.g., Na+) that enters the pore solution upon ion exchange with the salt cation (K+).     

我国南方一些土壤的钾素Q/I特性

钾素Q/I特性是表征土壤钾素状况的一个重要指标,它能同时度量土壤钾素的强度和容量。本文研究了我国南方一些土壤的钾素Q/I特性、结果表明:(1)不同土壤具有不同的Q/I曲线,它们表征不同的土壤钾素有效性和钾素状况;(2)土壤钾位缓冲容量(PBC~K)与阳离子交换量呈极显著正相关(r=0.9288),石灰土和紫色土的PBC~K值高于砖红壤、赤红壤和红壤,而ARe~K值则相反;(3)—△K°与土壤交换性钾呈极显著正相关(r=0.7870),但是具有一定含量的2:1型粘粒矿物的石灰土和紫色土,其—△K°明显低于交换性钾量,因此,lmol L~(-1)中性NH_4OAc可能会过高地估计土壤的交换性钾。     

用于固体废弃物填埋场中的两种复合防渗系统的比较

土工膜 (GM) +压实性粘土 (CCL)的复合防渗层在固体废物填埋场的防渗系统中已较为常用 ,它的防渗效果比单独的GM或CCL要好得多 ;但是 ,这种复合防渗层也存在着一些缺陷。GM +GCL是一种革新的复合防渗系统 ,其中的GCL是对CCL一种有效的替代。本文从一般情况下透过复合防渗层的渗漏量、GM与GCL或CCL的接触情况、冻融和不均匀沉降的影响 ,施工简易程度、节约成本六个方面对 2种复合防渗层作了较为全面的比较。并结合工程实例 ,对 2种复合防渗层用于填埋场封顶系统的情况作了具体的比较。     

Synthesis of hydroxyapatite/clay and hydroxyapatite/pumice composites for tetracycline removal from aqueous solutions

Synthesized hydroxyapatite/clay (HA-C) and hydroxyapatite/pumice (HA-P) composites were used for tetracycline (TC) uptake studies from aqueous solution and their uptake capacities were compared. HA-C and HA-P composites were synthesized by precipitation method and the structures of the synthesized composites were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET analyses. Cation exchange capacities of HA-C and HA-P were found to be 84 meq/100 g and 33 meq/100 g, respectively. The TC adsorption using HA-C and HA-P was studied on batch mode. Various parameters such as contact time, solution pH, initial TC concentration, composite dosage, salinity and temperature were optimized. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacity onto HA-C was found to be 76.02 mg/g and about four times larger than the adsorption capacity of the HA-P (17.87 mg/g). The results indicated that the TC uptake onto HA-C and HA-P composites is mainly by a surface complexation and ion-exchange mechanism which depend on the solution pH. The calculated values of thermodynamic parameters indicated that the TC adsorption is favorable, physicochemical in nature. The sorption process follows pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The TC adsorption mechanism by HA-C and HA-P has been proposed.     

草酸对蒙脱石的作用及机理研究

近年来,微生物对粘土矿物的分解作用逐渐成为地球科学研究的重点领域,草酸是微生物重要的代谢产物,研究了小分子有机酸对粘土矿物结构变化的影响,为改善根际土壤环境质量提供科学依据.研究发现,草酸能够破坏蒙脱石的形貌结构,使蒙脱石层状结构变得卷曲;通过破坏蒙脱石结构中的化学键,溶蚀出蒙脱石中的金属元素;C2O42-进入到蒙脱石层间与层间阳离子Ca2+结合生成CaC2O4·H2O,与蒙脱石发生插层作用,使蒙脱石的层间距增大.研究结果可为土壤修复机制提供理论依据.     

填埋场粘土衬里破坏机理分析

填埋场粘土衬里可能发生开裂、开孔、解体等形式的破坏。开裂的主要机理是干湿循环作用、物理化学作用及差异沉降作用。开孔的主要机理是管涌和穿透。边坡失稳和冻融循环可能使粘土衬里的连结结构解体。     

A Study of Physicomechanical and Morphological Properties of Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) Based Films

Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) blends in two different ratios (60:40 and 50:50) were prepared with glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were cast by a solution casting method. One set of films were filled with 10 wt% of unmodified bentonite clay and another set of films were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in an alkaline medium. The prepared film samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical characterization and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Significant changes in the tensile properties were observed depending on the different chemical constituents of the films. The presence of clay and crosslinking with epichlorohydrin were both found to have considerable effect on the morphology and mechanical property of the films. The SEM investigations, XRD analysis and FTIR studies revealed the interaction between the various chemical components of the films.     

Release of methane from aerobic soil: an indication of a novel chemical natural process?

Methane (CH₄) formation under aerobic conditions has been intensely debated, especially since the discovery of CH₄ generation by both dried plant material and living plants. In this study we test the hypothesis that non-microbial CH₄ formation also occurs in soils. All lyophilised soil samples investigated under aerobic conditions released CH₄ at temperatures ranging from 30 to 70 °C exceeding that allowing normal enzymatic activity to proceed. No emissions were observed for single mineral soil components such as quartz sand, clay mineral and iron oxide. Methane release rates from the soils investigated were found to increase both with increasing temperature and higher organic carbon content. Addition of water to dried soils increased CH₄ release rates up to 8-fold those observed with the dried material. Our results suggest the existence of a chemical process in soils that produces CH₄ under aerobic conditions, a finding which has not been hitherto reported.     

长江三角洲班轮公司挂靠港选择研究

20世纪90年代以来,班轮公司渐成影响港口体系演变的主导因素,班轮网络形成的内在机理成为学者们关注的热点领域。以长江三角洲为案例区,从基础设施、箱量规模、港口效率、港口费用、配套产业、扶持政策6个方面构建班轮公司挂靠港选择评价指标体系,利用多元线性回归模型,定量测度长江三角洲班轮公司挂靠港选择的影响因素。在此基础上,选取港口、班轮公司、货主和货代等港口物流节点进行访谈验证,结果显示定性分析与模型计算的结果基本吻合。箱量规模和港口费用是当前影响长江三角洲班轮公司挂靠港选择的主要因素,其次是港口基础设施与港口效率,最后是政策环境与航运配套产业,其中政策的影响越来越显著。     

The ratio of clay content to total organic carbon content is a useful parameter to predict adsorption of the herbicide butachlor in soils

Thirteen soils collected from 11 provinces in eastern China were used to investigate the butachlor adsorption. The results indicated that the total organic carbon (TOC) content, clay content, amorphous Fe2O3 content, silt content, CEC, and pH had a combined effect on the butachlor sorption on soil. Combination of the data obtained from the 13 soils in the present study with other 23 soil samples reported by other researchers in the literature showed that Koc would be a poor predictive parameter for butachlor adsorption on soils with TOC content higher than 4.0% and lower than 0.2%. The soils with the ratio of clay content to TOC content (RCO) values less than 60 adsorbed butachlor mainly by the partition into soil organic matter matrix. The soils with RCO values higher than 60 apparently adsorbed butachlor by the combination of the partition into soil organic matter matrix and adsorption on clay surface.